Landfill waste

Disposal of spent hydrogenation catalyst requires a special chemical waste landfill because of its nickel content and the fact that oil-soaked catalysts tend to be pyrophoric. Compared to disposal costs, reprocessing to recover the nickel may become economically viable. 

Electric power derived from present (ca 1992) technology via the combustion of wood and wood wastes, MSW, agricultural wastes, landfill and digester gas, and advanced digestion and turbine technology. 

Under TSCA, the EPA has issued a ban on the manufacture, processing, and distribution of produces containing PCBs. Exporting of PCB has also been banned. TSCA also required that PCB mixtures containing more than 50 ppm PCBs must be disposed of in an acceptable incinerator or chemical waste landfill. AU PCB containers or produces containing PCBs had to be clearly marked and records maintained by the operator of each facility handhng at least 45 kilograms of... 

LandtiUing of Solid Wastes Landfilling involves the controlled disposal of solid wastes on or in the upper layer of the earth s mantle. Important aspects in the implementation of sanitary landfills include (1) site selection, (2) landfimng methods and operations, (3) occurrence of gases and leachate in landfills, (4) movement and control of landfill gases and leachate, and (5) landfill design. The landfilling of hazardous wastes is considered separately. 

From McGinely, P. M. and Kmet, P, Formation Characteristics, Treatment, and Disposal of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, 1984. 

TABLE 25-74 Important Factors That Must Be Considered in Design and Operation of Solid-Waste Landfills... 

LandtiUing of Hazardous Wastes In many states, the only disposal option available for most hazardous wastes is landfilling. The basis for the management of hazardous-wastes landfills is set forth in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. In general, disposal sites for hazardous wastes shoiild be separate from sites for municipal solid wastes. If separate sites are not possible, great care must be taken to ensure that separate disposal operations are maintained. 

Requirements The requirements for a hazardous-waste landfill are detailed in RCRA and the regulations developed to implement the act. From a design standpoint, two of the most important requirements are (1) complete leachate containment, and (2) control of the surface water on and around the site. 

Many but not all hazardous wastes can be disposed of on land in properly designed landfills. To minimize potentially adverse environmental effects from wastes deposited at hazardous-waste landfill sites, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed specific regulations regarding the characteristics of wastes suitable for landfilling. These regulations (40 CFR 265) include a prohibition on the placement of ... 

Veiy small containers, such as ampules, and containers holding liquids for use other than storage, such as batteries, which may be disposed directly in a hazardous-waste landfill. 

LANDFILL Disposal of wastc in the ground. This method is eommonly used for both domestie waste and more hazardous ehemieal waste. Landfill sites used for diffieult and potentially-dangerous wastes are now engineered, managed and monitored to prevent poisons leaking out. 

The cast grids are made into battery anode and cathode plates by the application of a lead oxide paste of 70 percent lead oxide (PbO) and 30 percent metallic lead. Lead ingots are tumbled in a ball mill with airproducing lead oxide and fine lead dust (referred to as leady oxide ). Leady oxide particulates are entrained in the mill exhaust air, which is treated sequentially by a cyclone separator and fabric filter. The used fabric filter bags are shipped to a RCRA-permitled commercially operated ha2ardous waste landfill located in Colorado. The leady oxide production process does not produce wastewater. 

To illustrate this point, let s eonsider the example of a superfund ehemieal waste landfill remediation job. In this example, we will need to determine the eontaminants of eoneern. After making this determination, we next need to assess the eontaminants and how they may migrate from the site. We need to determine if ehanges in the wind direetion oeeur, how frequently, and how workers in the support zone will be aflfeeted. In most eases, the likelihood for workers in the support zone to be affeeted is minimal. 

Likewise, fly ash from power plant combustors often contains small amounts of metals or their oxides, which require costly disposal in the ever-shrinking number of approved hazardous waste landfills. Thus, there are economic incentives to recover the metal values as well as to reduce the costs of ultimate disposal. Here, too, the metal content is low, and research is needed to develop economical separation processes. In principle, advances in this area could be translated into recovery of metal values from mine tailings. 

Air, soil, and water are vital to life on this planet. We mnst protect these resonrces and nse them wisely— onr snrvival as a species depends on them. Despite recent impressive strides in improving the environment, evidence is overwhelming that more effective action mnst be taken to address snch critical issnes as acid rain, hazardons waste disposal, hazardous waste landfills, and groundwater contamination. It is also vital that we assess realistically the potential health and enviromnental impacts of emerging chemical products and technologies. The problems are clearly complex and demand a broad array of new research initiatives. 

EPA. 1991a. Criteria for municipal solid waste landfills. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

A possible source for much of the groundwater contamination is landfill leachate containing trichloroethylene. Trichloroethylene was the most commonly found chemical at NPL sites in New York State (Mumtaz et al. 1994). The compound was detected in leachate samples from Minnesota municipal solid waste landfills at levels ranging from 0.7 to 125 pg/L (0.7-125 ppb) and in groundwater near landfills at levels ranging from 0.2 to 144 pg/L (0.2-144 ppb) (Sabel and Clark 1984). Trichloroethylene was also detected in landfill leachate from a landfill in New Jersey at concentrations of up to 7,700 pg/L (7,700 ppb) (Kosson et al. 

Deipser A, Stegmaim R. 1994. The origin and fate of volatile trace components in municipal solid waste landfills. Waste Manag Res 12 129-139. 

DeWalle FB, Chian ESK. 1981. Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste landfill. J Am Water Works Assoc 73 206-211. 

The exact composition and proportion of these additives in a certain type of fluid depends on the intended use. Hydraulic fluids are compounded to conform to performance-based standards such as Military or ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specifications. Some examples of Military specifications are shown in Table 3-2. Many different formulations can be compounded to conform to one performance standard. It should be noted that the variability among these products or even within products with the same trade names may confuse efforts to determine environmental and health effects of hydraulic fluids at hazardous waste landfills since hydraulic fluids that are currently used may or may not contain the same components present in old products of the same name. 

Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock. More information on methane. 

State municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF)... 

Units burning gas recovered from hazardous or solid waste landfills for energy recovery. 

Landfill leachate or gas condensate derived from listed waste. Landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate derived from previously disposed wastes that now meet the listing description of one or more of the petroleum refinery listed wastes would be regulated as a listed hazardous waste. However, U.S. EPA temporarily excluded such landfill leachate and gas condensate from the definition of hazardous waste provided their discharge is regulated under the CWA. The exclusion will remain effective while U.S. EPA studies how the landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate are currently managed, and the effect of future CWA effluent limitation guidelines for landfill wastewaters. 

Idris, A., Hassan, M.N., and Chong, T.L., Overview of Municipal Solid Wastes Landfill Sites in Malaysia, Proceeding of 2nd Workshop on Material Cycles and Waste Management in Asia, NIES Tsukuba, Japan, December 2-3, 2003. 

Ghassemi, M., Quintara, S., and BachMare, J., Characteristics of leachates from hazardous waste landfills, J. Environ. Sci. Health. A, 19, 679-620, 1984. 

The site conditions for an on-site landfill, such as location, geology, hydrogeology, physiography, climate, and so on, should also be suitable. Landfill should meet the minimum technology requirements and regulations for hazardous waste landfills such as double liners and leachate collection and removal systems, leak detection systems, closure procedures and final cover, and construction quality assurance.59... 

There is some uncertainty about the potential presence of metal in the TCE-contaminated soil of Area 2. If metal concentrations of concern are present, only Alternatives 2 and 5 would protect against direct contact and further groundwater contamination through a cap and incineration, respectively. Incineration of metal-contaminated soil may result in a hazardous waste residue, which would have to be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill. Alternatives 3 and 4 rely on vapor extraction and would not lower risks from metal to human health or the environment. 

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