Specifications development

FIGURE 17 11 Imine formation between the aldehyde function of 11 as retinal and an ammo group of a protein (opsin) is involved in the chemistry of vision The numbering scheme in retinal is specifically developed for carotenes and related compounds... 

In 1973 the Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute (SEMI) held its first standards meeting. SEMI standards are voluntary consensus specifications developed by the producers, users, and general interest groups in the semiconductor (qv) industry. Examples of electronic chemicals are glacial acetic acid [64-19-7] acetone [67-64-17, ammonium fluoride [12125-01 -8] and ammonium hydroxide [1336-21 -6] (see Ammonium compounds), dichloromethane [75-09-2] (see Cm.OROCARBONSANDcm.OROHYDROCARBONs), hydrofluoric acid [7664-39-3] (see Eluorine compounds, inorganic), 30% hydrogen peroxide (qv) [7722-84-1] methanol (qv) [67-56-1] nitric acid (qv) [7697-37-2] 2-propanoI [67-63-0] (see Propyl alcohols), sulfuric acid [7664-93-9] tetrachloroethane [127-18-4] toluene (qv) [108-88-3] and xylenes (qv) (see also Electronic materials). 

Petro-Canada Oils. Petro-Canada manufactures three oils specially refined for use as heat-transfer fluids. Calflo EG is a semisynthetic, paraffinic heat-transfer fluid specifically developed for use in systems where incidental contact with food may result. Calflo AE is a saturated paraffinic oil containing inhibitors to minimise oxidation. Calflo HTE is a saturated paraffinic oil inhibited to minimise oxidation. 

Flame-Retardant Resins. Flame-retardant resins are formulated to conform to fire safety specifications developed for constmction as well as marine and electrical appHcations. Resins produced from halogenated intermediates (Table 5) are usually processed at lower temperatures (180°C) to prevent excessive discoloration. Dibromoneopentyl glycol [3296-90-0] (DBNPG) also requires glass-lined equipment due to its corrosive nature. Tetrabromophthahc anhydride (TBPA) and chlorendic anhydride (8) are formulated with ethylene glycols to maximize fiame-retardant properties reaction cycle times are about 12 h. Resins are also produced commercially by the in situ bromination of polyester resins derived from tetrahydrophthahc anhydride... 

Selection of the most suitable machine for a given requirement is an extremely complex process. Added to variations in the properties of the different materials, many of the machines involved have been specifically developed or adapted to perform only particular tasks. The principal factors which must be addressed are toughness/britdeness, hardness, abrasiveness, feed size, cohesity, particle shape and stmcture, heat sensitivity, toxicity, explodability, and specific surface. 

By selection of those chlorinated paraffins specifically developed for the PVC industry to match the properties of primary plasticizers, reductions in costs can be achieved without significant change in properties. However, certain aspects can be improved by the inclusion of chlorinated paraffin such as flame resistance, chemical and water resistance, low temperature performance, and the viscosity aging stabiUty in plastisols. 

The specification development process is a data-driven activity that requires a validated analytical method. The levels of data needed include assay precision, replicate process results (process precision), and real-time stability profiles. A statistical analysis of these data is critical in setting a realistic specification. Most often, aggregation and fragmentation degradation mechanisms are common to protein and peptide therapeutics. Therefore, the SE-HPLC method provides a critical quality parameter that would need to be controlled by a specification limit. 

The interatomic interaction is described by an EAM potential specifically developed for NiAl in the B2 structure [12]. Compared to the older potential [16], which was used in most of the previous atomistic studies, our new potential gives considerably higher antiphase boundary (APB) energies = 0.82 J/m, yj pg = 1.06 J/m in good agreement with the APB... 

All capital equipment decisions should be based on the true or life cycle cost of the system. Life cycle cost includes all costs that will be incurred beginning with specification development before procurement to final decommissioning cost at the end of the compressor s useful life. In many cases, the only consideration is the actual procurement and installation cost of the compressor. While these costs are important, they represent less than 20 per cent of the life cycle cost of the compressor. 

Besides person-specific development needs, some recurrent themes also emerged from amongst mentees learning needs. These included ... 

Pesticide—General classification of chemicals specifically developed and produced for use in the control of agricultural and public health pests. 

Until the mid-1980s these were two of the few processes operating under supercritical conditions. These processes were not specifically developed to operate under supercritical conditions nevertheless the advantages have since become clear. Typically the key advantages of carrying out a process under supercritical conditions include ... 

The use of reference samples for method calibration and development/validation occurred hand-in-hand with the development of all modern instrumental methods of analysis. In fact, the two developments are intimately linked with one another. As already noted, G-i and W-i (Fairbaim et al. 1951 Stevens i960) illustrate first instance of reference samples specifically developed for calibration purposes. Following that, the use of BCR-i as a reference sample throughout the lunar program (Science 1970) is a prime illustration of the quality assurance and method validation applications in large-scale inter-laboratory measurement programs. 

When a notebook had been completed, and the external and QA reviews had been finalized, the laboratory coordinator locked the entire workbook, using a macro specifically developed for the purpose, and sent the workbook for collation into the final study report. Once locked, the workbook could not be altered without the knowledge and agreement of the laboratory staff responsible for generating and certifying its contents. Such a system is critical in order to maintain integrity of reported results. 

Critically evaluated experimental data covering the densities of organic compounds is essential for both scientific and industrial applications. Knowledge of densities is important in many areas, including custody transfer of materials, product specification, development of various predictive methods, and for characterizing compounds and estimating their purity. 

Very few injectable dosage forms have been specifically developed and approved by FDA for intraocular use. However, the ophthalmologist uses available parenteral dosage forms to deliver antiinfectives, corti-costerioids, and anesthetic products to achieve higher therapeutic concentrations intraocularly than can ordinarily be achieved by topical or systemic administration. These unapproved or off-label uses have developed over time as part of the physician s practice of medicine. However, these drugs are usually administered by subconjunctival or retrobulbar injection and rarely are they injected directly in the eye [301]. 

The nonfluorescent monofunctional azulenyl squaraine labels NIRQ700 an<3 NIRQ7so with absorption maxima between 600 and 750 nm are capable of quenching a number of NIR fluorochromes. They were specifically developed to extend the spectrum for FRET-based assays [100, 101]. 

I suggest that we take the acquisition of the total set of species-typical traits (however that is to be measured empirically) to be a maximum specification of the process of development. Anything more exhaustive than species-typical might entail that new species could not evolve. As a minimum bound, I suggest the following evolutionary specification - development is the acquisition of the capacity to reproduce. It will become clear in a moment why I bracket the process of development in this way. First, though, let us consider the sorts of questions about development at multiple levels of evolutionary transition that must be addressed if we are to understand units of evolutionary transition in terms of the propagation of developmental capacities. 

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