Hazardous waste listed

If a waste is generated that is a listed or characteristic, the operator must follow certain guidelines [232]. A listed hazardous waste (i.e., mercury, benzene) is considered hazardous if the concentrations in which they naturally occur are above certain limitations (40 CFR 261.31-261.33), The listed hazardous waste may not be diluted to achieve lesser concentrations and thus become non-hazardous, A characteristic hazardous waste (40 CFR 261.21-261.24) may be diluted to a nonhazardous status. 

EPA. 1987e. Land disposal restrictions for certain California list hazardous wastes and modifications to the framework. Federal Register 52 25760-25767. 

There are seven Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) listed hazardous wastes associated with coke making, as listed below ... 

Production operations are subject to a number of regulations, including those imposed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),6 7 the Clean Water Act (CWA),8 and the Clean Air Act (CAA).9 A number of RCRA-listed hazardous wastes are produced during primary refining operations that require the heating of ores to remove impurities. Specific pretreatment standards under the CWA apply to the processes associated with copper and aluminum. Lastly, large amounts... 

Newly identified or newly listed hazardous wastes for which U.S. EPA is yet to promulgate treatment standards. 

Lab packs Laboratories commonly generate small volumes of many different listed hazardous wastes. Rather than manage all these wastes separately, labs often consolidate these small containers into lab packs. Trying to meet the individual treatment standards for every waste contained in a lab pack would be impractical. To ease the compliance burden, U.S. EPA established an ATS for lab packs that allows the whole lab pack to be incinerated, followed by treatment for any metal in the residues. Treatment using this alternative standard satisfies the LDR requirements for all individual wastes in the lab pack. 

Soil Cleanup, or remediation, of hazardous waste sites will often produce contaminated soil. Contaminated soil must be handled as hazardous waste if it contains a listed hazardous waste or if it exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. As with hazardous waste, land disposal of hazardous soil is prohibited until the soil has been treated to meet LDR standards. These contaminated soils, due to either their large volume or unique properties, are not always amenable to the waste codespecific treatment standards. Because of this, U.S. EPA promulgated alternative soil treatment standards in 268.49 in May 1998. The alternative soil treatment standards mandate reduction of hazardous constituents in the soil by 90% or 10 times UTS, whichever is higher. Removal of the characteristic is also required if the soil is ignitable, corrosive, or reactive. 

Residues from the combustion of hazardous waste are also potentially subject to RCRA regulation. If a combustion unit bums a listed hazardous waste, the ash could also be considered a listed waste via the derived-from rule. The owner and operator must also determine whether this ash exhibits any hazardous waste characteristics. The same is true if a unit bums waste that only exhibits a characteristic. Ash that exhibits a characteristic must be managed as a hazardous waste. 

Landfill leachate or gas condensate derived from listed waste. Landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate derived from previously disposed wastes that now meet the listing description of one or more of the petroleum refinery listed wastes would be regulated as a listed hazardous waste. However, U.S. EPA temporarily excluded such landfill leachate and gas condensate from the definition of hazardous waste provided their discharge is regulated under the CWA. The exclusion will remain effective while U.S. EPA studies how the landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate are currently managed, and the effect of future CWA effluent limitation guidelines for landfill wastewaters. 

The net effect of the mixture and derived-from rules for listed wastes can be summarized as follows once a waste matches a listing description, it is forever a listed hazardous waste, regardless... 

The mixture and derived-from rules apply differently to listed and characteristic wastes. A mixture involving characteristic wastes is hazardous only if the mixture itself exhibits a characteristic. Similarly, treatment residues and materials derived from characteristic wastes are hazardous only if they themselves exhibit a characteristic. Unlike listed hazardous wastes, characteristic wastes are hazardous because they possess one of four unique and measurable properties. U.S. EPA decided that once a characteristic waste no longer exhibits one of these four dangerous properties, it no longer deserves regulation as hazardous. Thus, a characteristic waste can be made nonhazardous by treating it to remove its hazardous property however, U.S. EPA places certain restrictions on the manner in which a waste can be treated. One can learn more about these restrictions in the U.S. EPA Land Disposal Restrictions Module Handlers who render characteristic wastes nonhazardous must consider these restrictions when treating wastes to remove their hazardous properties. 

Hercules Chemical produced an acidic organic waste derived from the manufacture of dimethyl terphthalate, which is used in the production of synthetic liber. The average dissolved organic carbon concentration was about 7100 mg/L and included acetic acid, formic acid, p-toluic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, terphthalic acid, and benzoic acid. The pH ranged from 3.5 to 4.0. The waste also contained traces (less than 0.5 mg/L) of 11 other organic compounds, including dimethyl phthalate, a listed hazardous waste. 

If an incinerator burns a listed hazardous waste, the ash is also considered a listed waste. The derived-from rule states that any solid waste generated from the treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste, including any sludge, spill residue, ash, emission control dust, or leachate, remains a hazardous waste unless and until it is delisted. The owner/operator must also determine whether the ash exhibits any of the characteristics of a hazardous waste. 

LDR for Newly Identified and Listed Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Soi1... 

In addition to the four characteristics of hazardous wastes, the ERA has established three hazardous waste lists hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources (e.g., spent nonhalogenated solvents), hazardous wastes from specific sources (e.g., bottom sediment sludge from the treatment of wastewaters from wood preserving), and discarded commercial chemical products and off-specification species, containers, and spill residues. 

There are four lists of hazardous wastes in the regulations wastes from nonspecific sources (F list), wastes from specific sources (K list), acutely toxic wastes (P list), and toxic wastes (U list) there are also the four characteristics mentioned before ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and extraction procedure toxicity. Certain waste materials are excluded from regulation under the RCRA. The various definitions and situations that allow waste to be exempted can be confusing and difficult to interpret. One such case is the interpretation of the mixture and derived-from rules. According to the mixture rule, mixtures of solid waste and listed hazardous wastes are, by definition, considered hazardous. Similarly, the derived-from rule defines solid waste resulting from the management of hazardous waste to be hazardous (40 CFR 261.3a and 40 CFR 261.1c). 

There are five specific listed hazardous wastes (K list) generated in refineries, K048 to K052. Additional listed wastes, those from nonspecific sources (F list) and those from the commercial chemical product lists (P and U), may also be generated at refineries. Because of the mixture and derived-from rules, special care must be taken to ensure that hazardous wastes do not contaminate nonhazardous waste. Under the mixture rule, adding one drop of hazardous waste in a container of nonhazardous materials makes the entire container contents a hazardous waste. 

As an example of the problems such mixing can cause, consider the case with API separator sludge that is a listed hazardous waste (K051). The wastewater from a properly operating API separator is not hazardous unless it exhibits one of the characteristics of a hazardous waste. That is, the derived-from rule does not apply to the wastewater. However, if the API separator is not functioning... 

This wastewater is often cleaned further by other treatment systems (filters, impoundments, etc.). The solids separating in these systems continue to be API separator sludge, a listed hazardous waste. Therefore, all downstream wastewater treatment systems are receiving and treating a hazardous waste and are considered hazardous waste mauagement units subject to regulation. 

Listed hazardous wastes may be process residuals generated during the manufacture of the pesticide itself... 

Subpart B Criteria for Identifying the Characteristics of Hazardous Waste and for Listing Hazardous Waste Maximum concentrations of contaminants for the toxicity characteristic 7.5 mg/L (regulatory level) 40 CFR 261.24 ERA 1990a... 

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