Environmental determinism

In addition to the mechanisms of stress response so far considered, there are several others which have attracted the attention of plant ecologists. These include innate or environmentally determined forms of dormancy in seeds, spores, and vegetative buds, many of which represent adaptive responses restricting plant growth and development to favourable seasons or sites. Dormancy has been the subject of numerous publications and will not be considered here. Instead, opportunity will be taken to refer to two forms of plant response to stress which until recently have received only scarce attention. The first is the phenomenon of stored growth whilst the second involves the response of the developing shoot to mechanical impedance. 

The main environmental determinants of microbial growlh are pH and temperature. The availability of water may be lowered when certain solutes are present in high concentration thus, concentrated salt and sugar solutions may either slow down or prevent growth. 

Chapters 1 through 4 provide a broad perspective on abiotic and biotic reactions, including the significance of a range of environmental determinants. 

Hemandez-Avila M, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Palazuelos E, et al. 1996. Dietary and environmental determinants of blood and bone lead levels in lactating postpartum women living in Mexico City. 

Hadfield, J. D. and Owens, I. P. F. 2006. Strong environmental determination of a carotenoid-based plumage trait is not mediated by carotenoid-availability. J. Evol. Biol. 19 1104—1114. 

Bouchard, T. J. J. (under review). Exprience producing drive theory How genes drive exprience and shape personality. Acta Paediatrica, Paper presented as part of the Nobel Symposium on Genetic vs. Environmental Determination of Human Behavior and Health, Stockholm Sweden, January 22—24, 1996. 

Hughes JR (1989) Environmental determinants of the reinforcing effects of nicotine in humans. J Subst Abuse 1 319-329... 

Daly, J. W., Secunda, S. I., Garaffo, H. M., et al. (1992). Variability in alkaloid profiles in neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) genetic versus environmental determinants. Toxicon 30,887-898. 

While genetic studies provide clear evidence that a substantial proportion of the variation in risk for developing a substance abuse or dependence disorder is accounted for by genetic variation, these studies also point to a significant environmental contribution. Although environmental determinants of risk for substance abuse or dependence are undoubtedly complex, recent work has indicated that environmental stress can... 

Wallace, B.C. (1989) Psychological and environmental determinants of relapse in crack cocaine smokers. / Subst Abuse Treat 6 95-106. 

Interactions Between Physiological, Hormonal, and Environmental Determinants ... 

When it comes to laboratory animals such as rats and mice, individuality is less widely appreciated, although influences of the genetic descent, age, gender and previous experiences cannot be disputed in these animals. If one accepts the concept and general impact of individuality in all creatures, discussions as to whether an individual s reactions are genetically or environmentally determined are no longer needed. Behavior is clearly determined by both, and then reflects individuality. 

People who continue to drink alcohol in spite of adverse medical or social consequences related directly to their alcohol consumption suffer from alcoholism, a complex disorder with genetic as well as environmental determinants. 

In this expression, the primary environmental determinant is the viscosity in the denominator. Note that the exponential is slightly larger than in the Stokes-Einstein relation (Eq. 18-52). Since viscosity decreases by about a factor of 2 between 0°C and 30°C, D,w should increase by about the same factor over this temperature range. Furthermore, the influence of the molecule s size is also stronger in Eq. 18-53 than in 18-52 (note r, = constant V 173). In Box 18.4 experimental information on the temperature dependence of D,w is compared with the theoretical prediction from Eqs. 18-52 and 18-53. 

Personality traits (Fig. 4—3) may themselves be genetically influenced (e.g., im-pulsivity, shyness) or environmentally determined by early childhood developmental... 

Generation R The Rotterdam Study into Growth, Development and Health Study will evaluate normal and abnormal growth and development and identify biologic, social, and environmental determinants (European Commission 2004). 

People who continue to drink alcohol in spite of adverse medical or social consequences related directly to their alcohol consumption suffer from alcoholism, a complex disorder that appears to have genetic as well as environmental determinants. The societal and medical costs of alcohol abuse are staggering. It is estimated that about 30% of all people admitted to hospitals have coexisting alcohol problems. Once in the hospital, people with chronic alcoholism generally have poorer outcomes. In addition, each year thousands of children are born in the USA with morphologic and functional defects resulting from prenatal exposure to ethanol. Despite the investment of many resources and much basic research, alcoholism remains a common chronic disease that is difficult to treat. 

Wootton, R.J. (1979). Energy costs of egg production and environmental determinants of fecundity in teleost fishes. In Fish Phenology, Anabolic Adaptivity in Teleosts (PJ. Miller, ed.), pp. 133-159, Academic Press, London. 

Beausse, J. 2004. Selected drugs in solid matrices A review of environmental determination, occurrence and properties of principal substances. Trends Anal. Chem. 23 753-761. 

Human obesity and hypertension have strong genetic as well as environmental determinants. Several observations show associations of 02- and 03-adrenoceptor polymorphisms with hypertension and obesity, although these findings have not been confirmed. In addition, relationships between adrenoceptor polymorphisms, plasma... 

Davey SG, Ebrahim S. 2003. Mendelian randomization can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease Int J Epidemiol 32 1-22. 

---