Rubella virus vaccine, live, attenuated

RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE, LIVE, ATTENUATED (Meruvax II)... 

Rubella vaccines Live attenuated strain of rubella virus Active immunization against rubella (German measles)... 

Many of the more prominent vaccine preparations in current medical use consist of attenuated viral particles (Table 10.11). Mumps vaccine consists of live attenuated strains of Paramyxovirus parotitidis. In many world regions, it is used to routinely vaccinate children, often a part of a combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain of the mumps vaccine, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97%. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1, 2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Bunyak, E.B. Hilleman, M.R. Weiber, R.E. Stokes, J., Jr. Live attenuated rubella virus vaccines prepared in duck embryo cell culture. I. Development and clinical testing. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1968, 204, 195-200. 

A trivalent vaccine containing the live attenuated viruses for measles, mumps and rubella was first introduced in the United States in the early 1970s by Merck and Co Inc. Since that time, other triple vaccines have been developed using various different viral strains and many coim-tiies have licensed them either as the sole vaccine... 

Live attenuated virus vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) have been combined into a single vaccine known as MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine is effective as the single-virus vaccine composed of the respective strains and has been shown to be highly effective. The immunity induced by MMR is long lasting and may be lifelong. 

The most notable example of live attenuated vaccines is the smallpox vaccine, first developed by Edward Jenner, although the origin of the vaccine (vaccinia virus) remains obscure. More recent examples of live attenuated vaccines include most of the viral vaccines currently in use, such as measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) and varicella zoster (VZV) vaccines, and some... 

Live measles virus vaccine is available in monovalent (measles only) form and in combinations measles-rubella (MR) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines. Measles vaccines based on further attenuated strains (beyond the level of the original strain, for example the Edmonston B strain or Schwarz strain) produces a mild or subclinical and non-communicable infection. 

Rubella vaccine is a live attenuated virus vaccine. Most of the vaccines currently manufactured outside Japan are produced in human diploid cells and are based either on the RA 27/3 strain (the most widely used) or the Cendehill strain. In Japan, five different vaccine strains (for example TO 336 and MEQ 11) are produced in two different non-human substrates. In China, another vaccine strain (BRD-2) has been developed and produced in human diploid cells. Its antigenicity and reactogenicity are comparable to those of the RA 27/3 strain. 

Rubella vaccine (German measles vaccine, live. Meruvax II, Merck) is a live, attenuated ruhella virus produced in human diploid cell culture. The antigen form of the vaccine is whole virus. The antigen type is protein. The vaccine i.s administered as part of the normal immunization schedule at 15 month.s. Side effects arc minimal, but there may be some soreness and pain at the site of injection and. stiffness of the joints. 

MMR vaccine was introduced to the UK in 1988 for young children of both sexes, replacing single antigen measles vaccine. It consists of a single dose of a lyophilized preparation of live attenuated strains of the measles, mumps and rubella viruses. MMR had previously been deployed in the USA and Scandinavia for a significant number of years without any indication of increased adverse reaction or of decreased sero-conversion over separate administration of the component parts. Immunization results in sero-conversion to all three viruses in >95 % of re-... 

Rubella vaccine contains lyophiUzed live attenuated rubella virus grown in human diploid cell culture. The vaccine is available alone or in combination with measles or mumps vaccine or both. Each 0.5-mL dose also contains 25 meg neomycin. 

Perhaps surprisingly, all of the most successful attenuated viral vaccine strains in current use were produced by empirical methods long before the genetic basis of pathogenesis by the specific pathogen was understood. Thus, attenuated strains of polio virus for use as a live, oral vaccine (Sabin) were selected by growth of viruses isolated from human cases under cultural conditions that did not permit replication of neuropathogenic virus. Comparable procedures were used to select the attenuated virus strains that are currently used in live measles, mumps, rubella and yellow fever vaccines. 

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