Human diploid cell

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. Vaccine is produced from the Oka attenuated strain. Vacciae is produced in human diploid cells such as MRC-5. After growth in the cell substrate, the cells themselves are harvested into the growth medium and sonicated to release the cell-associated vims. Sucrose and buffering salts are generally in the medium to help stabiLize the vims. The vacciae is presented in a free2e-dried vial to be reconstituted with sterile distilled water before injection (27). 

Imovax Rabies I.D. Vaccine (human diploid cell), Imovax Rabies Vaccine (human diploid cell), Rab Avert,... 

Hepatitis At Human diploid cells infected with hepatitis A virus 1 Separation of virus from cells 2 Inactivation with HCHO 3 Adsorption toAI(OH)3gel Assay of antigen content by ELISA Inoculation of cell cultures to exclude presence of live virus... 

Poliomyelitis (inactivated)t (Salktype) Human diploid cell cultures infected with each of the three serotypes of poliovirus 1 Clarification 2 Inactivation with formalin 3 Concentration 4 Blending of virus of each serotype Induction of antibodies to polioviruses in chicks or guinea-pigs Inoculation of cell cultures and monkey spinal cords to exclude live virus... 

Rubella (German measles) Human diploid cell cultures infected with attenuated rubella virus 1 Clarification 2 Blending with stabilizer 3 Freeze-drying Infectivity titration In cell cultures Tests to exclude presence of extraneous viruses... 

A more general example fiom virus vaccine produetion is the rigorous examination of tissue cultures to exclude contamination with infectious agents fiom the sonrce animal or, in the cases of human diploid cells or cells fiom eontinuous cell lines, to detect... 

The varicella vaccine is made up of an attenuated Oka strain of varicella zoster virus. This is a live attenuated vaccine. Attenuation was achieved by performing serial passages through human embryonic lung cells, embryonic guinea pig cells, and human diploid cells. 

V. zoster vaccines (chickenpox vaccine) Human diploid cells... 

Girardi, A. J., F. C. Jensen, and H. Koprowski. 1965. Sv40-Induced tran-formation of human diploid cells Crisis and recovery. J Cell Physiol 65 69-83. 

Hayflick E., Moorhead P. S. (1961). The cerial cultivation of human diploid cell strains, Exp. Cell Res., 25,582-621. 

Kobayashi D, Watanabe N, Yamauchi N, Tsuji N, Sato T, Sasaki H, Okamoto T, Niitsu Y (1997) Protein kinase C inhibitors augment tumor-necrosis-factor-induced apoptosis in normal human diploid cells. Chemotherapy 43 415-423... 

Varicella vaccine is a lyophilized preparation of the Oka strain of live attenuated varicella virus obtained by propagation of the virus in MRC human diploid cell culture. 

It contains live attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb strain of measles virus propagated on human diploid cells. 

Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) [SY]... 

Borek, C. (1980). X-ray induced in vitro neoplastic transformation of human diploid cells, Nature 283,776. 

Milo, G.E. and DiPaola, J.A. (1978). "Neoplastic transformation of human diploid cells in vitro after chemical carcinogen treatment, Nature 275,130. 

Namba, M., Nishitani, K., and Kimoto, T. (1978). Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. 29 Neoplastic transformation of a normal human diploid cell strain, WI-38, with Co-60 gamma rays, Jpn J. Exp. Med. 48,303. 

If chromosomes (and chromatin) are 15% DNA, what will be the mass of 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human diploid cell If the nucleus has a diameter of 5 mm and a density of 1.1 g/cm3, what fraction by weight of the nucleus is chromatin ... 

As mentioned before, another relevant key development for the progress of animal cell culture technology was the WI-38 human diploid cell line obtained by Hayflick and Moorhead in 1961, since previously the options were the use of primary cultures or of heteroploid cell lines (derived from tumors or from cells that acquired tumor-like characteristics in culture). Because of that, heteroploid cells were not acceptable for the production of compounds for human applications, and therefore primary cultures from other species were employed (such as primary monkey kidney cells). 

Jacobs JP, Jones CM, Bailie JP (1970), Characteristics of a human diploid cell designated MRC-5, Nature, 227 168-170. 

Griffiths JB (1971), The effect of medium changes on the growth and metabolism of the human diploid cell, WI-38, J. Cell Sci. 8 43-52. 

Lambert J, Pirt SJ (1975), The quantitative requirements of human diploid cells (strain MRC-5) for amino acids, vitamins and serum, J. Cell Sci. 17 397-41. 

H7a. Hayflick, L., The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cells. Exp. Cell. Res. 37, 614-636 (1965). 

Cultured mammalian cells and isolated hepatocyte studies. There have been several recent reports of the damaging effects of visible light exposure (>400 nm) on various microorganisms (9,10) and cultured mammalian cells (11-13). We have reported that human diploid cells on exposure to visible light (14) and oxygen (>10%) (15) lost the ability to proliferate, while ultrastructural studies showed the presence of numerous damaged mitochondria in the illuminated cells (16). WI-38 human fibroblasts show a grad-... 

Replication in eukaryotes is mechanistically similar to replication in prokaryotes but is more challenging for a number of reasons. One of them is sheer size E. coli must replicate 4.8 million base pairs, whereas a human diploid cell must replicate 6 billion base pairs. Second, the genetic information for . coli is contained on 1 chromosome, whereas, in human beings, 23 pairs of chromosomes must be replicated. Finally, whereas the E. coli chromosome is circular, human chromosomes are linear. Unless countermeasures are taken (Section 27.4.7), linear chromosomes are subject to shortening with each round of replication. 

A9. Allison, A. C.,.and Patton, G. R., Chromosome damage in human diploid cells following activation of lysosomal enzymes. Nature (London) 207, 1170-1173 (1965). 

The Rubini strain was isolated in Switzerland and was attenuated by passage in human diploid cells for use in vaccine production. 

Rubella vaccine is a live attenuated virus vaccine. Most of the vaccines currently manufactured outside Japan are produced in human diploid cells and are based either on the RA 27/3 strain (the most widely used) or the Cendehill strain. In Japan, five different vaccine strains (for example TO 336 and MEQ 11) are produced in two different non-human substrates. In China, another vaccine strain (BRD-2) has been developed and produced in human diploid cells. Its antigenicity and reactogenicity are comparable to those of the RA 27/3 strain. 

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