Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine

Belanger, H., Fleysh, N., Cox, S. et al. (2000). Human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine antigen prodnced in plants. FASEB J. 14 2323-2328. 

Yusibov, V., Mett, V., and Mett, V. et al. (2005). Peptide-based candidate vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 23 2261-2265. 

Piedra PA. Clinical experience with respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003 22 S94-9. 

Murphy, B.R. Prince, G.A. Walsh, E.E. Kim, H.W. Parrott, R.H. Hemming, V.G. Rodriguez, W.J. Chanock, R.M. Dissociation between serum neutralizing and glycoprotein antibody responses of infants and children who received inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986, 24, 197-202. 

Chin J, Magoffin RL, Shearer LA, Schieble JH, Lenette EH. Field evaluation of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and a trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine in a pediatric population. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 89 449-463. 

WALSH, E.E. (1994) Humoral, mucosal and cellular immune response to topicalimmunization with a subunit respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Journal of... 

Dudas RA, Karron RA. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998 ll(3) 430-9. 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Respiratory syncytial vims (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants. It is the major cause of hospitalization in the United States (- 90,000 events/yr) and it has a high mortaUty rate in neonates and other high risk populations, such as the geriatric population (51). Development of an RSV vaccine has always been a major priority, however, earlier attempts have mostiy failed (70). 

The sera of mice fed with fresh spinach leaves infected with AlMV particles presenting a rabies virus epitope contained IgG and IgA. Mucosal IgA was also detected [48]. Human volunteers (in FDA approved trials) fed with spinach containing recombinant particles generated both IgG and IgA responses specific to the pathogen [49]. The trials also suggested that plant virus particle-based vaccines could be effectively used in prime-boost regimens. In more recent work, recombinant AlMV particles containing an epitope from the G protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induced protective immunity in mice [33]. 

Rumar, M., Behera, A. R., Matsuse, H., Lockey, R. F. and Mohapatra, S. S. (1999). Intranasal IFN-gamma gene transfer protects BALB/c mice against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 18, 558-567. 

In contrast to antibacterial antibiotic therapy, inhibition of viral replication is usually difficult to achieve. Therefore preventive strategies, such as vaccination, are frequendy more successful and clinically important. However, vaccines are not available for all viruses furthermore, some viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), are ubiquitously present and usually not very pathogenic unless in an immunocompromised host. One strategy to combat viral infecdons in the immunocompromised host is the application of neutralizing mAbs. One such mAh is directed to the F protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which afflicts premature newborns with often severe pulmonary infections this mAh appears to be useful in such situations (91). Other mAbs to viral antigens are in development. 

Viral respiratory tract infections for which treatments exist include those of influenza types A and B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). [Note Immunization against influenza A is the preferred approach. However, antiviral agents are employed when patients are allergic to the vaccine or when the outbreak is due to an immunologic variant of the virus not covered by vaccines, or when outbreaks occur among unvaccinated individuals at risk who are in closed settings, for example, in a nursing home.]... 

Billions of doses of vaccines were safely administered over the last century to millions of infants, children, and adults [1,4], Vaccine-associated adverse events were nevertheless identified in a minority of patients. Many of the adverse events were directly related to the vaccine others as in the case of MMR have not been substantiated with data but still cause considerable public unease [1], One documented case is that of vaccination with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that, when given prophylactically, caused enhanced disease after exposure to the virus and resulted in the death of some children [1,4,5], An increased incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome appeared to be associated with a swine flu vaccine that was tested in humans in the late 1970s [1,6]. Guillain-Barre syndrome has also been associated with other vaccines including those for polio, measles, and hepatitis B [6]. 

Bastein, N.,Trudel, M., and Simard, C. (1999), Complete protection of mice from respiratory syncytial virus infection following mucosal delivery of synthetic peptide vaccines, Vaccine, 17, 832-836. 

There have been instances in which inactivated vaccines led to atypical disease or enhanced disease severity. For example, in the 1960s, formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine actually enhanced the disease symptoms when vaccinated children were naturally exposed to It was later discovered... 

Kim, H.W. Canchola, J.G. Brandt, C.D. Pyles, G. Chanock, R.M. Jensen, K. Parrott, R.H. Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1969, 89, 422-434. 

Brideau, R.J. Walters, R.R. Stier, M.A. Wathen, M.W. Protection of cotton rats against human respiratory syncytial virus by vaccination with a novel chimeric FG glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1989, 70, 2637-2644. 

Prince GA, Curtis SJ, Yim KC, Porter DD. Vaccine-enhanced respiratory syncytial virus disease in cotton rats following immunization with Lot 100 or a newly prepared reference vaccine. / Gen Virol. 2001 82 2881-2888. 

CrowcroftNS, Cutts F, Zambon MC (1999) Respiratory syncytial virus an underestimated cause of respiratory infection, with prospects for a vaccine. Commun Dis Public Health... 

The heat-labile toxin B subunit of E. coli (LTB) [398], hepatitis B surface antigen [404], respiratory syncytial virus F protein [258], measles virus hemagglutinin [180], and Norwalk virus capsid protein [240, 405, 406] have each been successfully expressed in plants and delivered orally in animals or humans to determine their im-munoprophylactic activity. The first account of a human clinical trial of oral vaccine based on an E. coli enterotoxin as... 

The first effective and safe treatments for Alzheimer s, Parkinson s, chronic graft rejection, permanent graft acceptance, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and vaccines [common cold, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), AIDS, malaria. Avian Influenza, radiation, contraception, emerging new infections] will be multibillion-dollar products [15,16]. 

Mohapatra S S (2003). Mucosal gene expression vaccine a novel vaccine strategy for respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22 8100-103 discussion S103-104. 

Dagouassat, N., Haeuw, J.F., Robillard, V., Damien, F., Libon, C., Corvaia, N., Lawny, F., Nguyen, T.N., Bomiefoy, J.Y. and Beck, A., 2001a, Development of a quantitative assay for residual host cell proteins in a recombinant subunit vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus. J. Immunol. Methods 251 151-159. 

Sparer TE, Matthews S, Hussell T et al. Eliminating a region of respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein allows induction of protective immunity without vaccine-enhanced lung eosinophilia. J Exp Med 1998 187(ll) 1921-6. 

Boelen A, Andeweg A, Kwakkel J et al. Both immunization with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine and a mock antigen vaccine induce severe lung pathology and a Th2 cytokine profile in RSV-challenged mice. Vaccine 2000 19(7-8) 982-91. 

Bembridge GP, Garcia-Beato R, Lopez JA et al. Subcellular site of expression and route of vaccination influence pulmonary eosinophilia following respiratory syncytial virus challenge in BALB/c mice sensitized to the attachment G protein. J Immunol 1998 l6l(5) 2473-80. 

Whitehead SS, Firestone CY, Karron RA et al. Addition of a missense mutation present in the L gene of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cpts530/1030 to RSV vaccine candidate cpts248/404 increases its attenuation and temperature sensitivity. J Virol 1999 73(2) 871-7. 

Iqbal, M., Lin, W., Jabbal-Gill, I., Davis, S.S., Steward, M.W., and lUum, L. 2003. Nasal delivery of chitosan-DNA plasmid expressing epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induces protective CTL responses in BALB/c mice. Vaccine. 21 1478-1485. 

---