Virus polio vaccine

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

In the 1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin from the University of Pittsburgh (USA) worked on polio vaccines. Salk used inactivated polio virus, whereas Sabin developed a live form of polio virus. 

Abbreviations. DTaP, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertusis vaccine Hep A, hepatitis A Hep B, hepatitis B IPV, inactivated polio vaccine HBV, hepatitis B virus. 

The original polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk (for whom the Salk Institute in LaJolla is named). It is a "killed" virus. However, over the years it was found that this did not always impart a complete immunity. The Sabin vaccine contains an attenuated virus. It is interesting to note that the Sabin vaccine can cause an active infection in a rare number of cases. 

Poliomyelitis. Two vaccines are licensed for the control of poliomyelitis in tile United States. The live, attenuated oral polio virus (OPV) vaccine can be used for the immunization of normal children. The killed or inactivated vaccine is recommended for immunization of adults at increased risk of exposure to poliomyelitis and of lmmunodeficient patients and their household contacts. Both vaccines protect against the three serotypes of poliomyelitis that cause disease. 

John F. Ender (1897-1985), Thomas H. Weller (1915- ), and Frederick C. Robbins (1916- ) publish Cultivation of Polio Viruses in Cultures of Human Embryonic Tissues. The report by Enders and coworkers is a landmark in establishing techniques for the cultivation of poliovirus in cultures on non-neural tissue and for further virus research. The technique leads to the polio vaccine and other advances in virology. 

Jonas Salk (1915-1995) begins testing a polio vaccine comprised of a mixture of killed viruses. 

Hirvonen A, Mattson K, Katjalainen A, et al. 1999. Simian virus 40 (SV40)-like DNA sequences not detectable in Fiimish mesothelioma patients not exposed to SV40-contaminated polio vaccines. Mol Carcinog 26 93-99. 

Finally, it is worth repeating the statement of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, issued in 1992 but still valid (17) The suggestion that HIV, the AIDS virus, originated as a result of inadvertent inoculation of an HIV-like virus present in monkey kidney cell cultures used to prepare polio vaccine is one of a number of unsubstantiated hypotheses. The weight of scientific evidence does not support this idea and there is no more reason to believe this hypothesis than many other which have been considered and rejected on scientific grounds. ... 

Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)- TOPV (Sabin vaccine. I960) is a live attenuated whole virus vaccine (antigen type, protein) containing polio strains I. 2. and 3. The virus culture is grown on monkey kidney tissue with use of an elaborate attenuation protocol. Oral administration of the vaccine yields a local Gl infection, and the initial immune respon.se is via IgA (mucosal, local to the Gl tract). The IgA-antigen complex undergoes transcytosis across the mucosal membrane, and systemic immunity is induced as IgM and IgG form. A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. Indications ore... 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 23.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only combined viral vaccine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (Pol/Vac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) polio-vaccine (Pol/Vac (oral) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of virus of each of the three serotypes of poliovirus. Influenza vaccines, too, are combined vaccines in that they usually contain components from several virus strains, usually from two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

It is now almost exactly 50 years since I went as a postdoctoral fellow learn about cell culture in Harry Rubin s group in the Virus Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley. The use of cell cultures had created the breakthroughs in quantitative animal virology, which led, inter alia, to the production of polio vaccines (albeit at the cost of the lives of hundreds of thousands of rhesus monkeys, whose kidney cells were used to produce the viruses for the vaccines). We worked on Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and chicken leucosis viruses in chick embryo fibroblast cell cultures. Rubin and Temin had developed an assay for RSV, based on the production of foci of virus-transformed fibroblasts, and Temin did the crucial experiments which showed that RSV, an RNA virus, made a DNA copy of itself, which was used to produce new virus particles. The enzyme involved was reverse transcriptase, and its discovery was one of the most important leaps forward in cell and molecular biology. 

Nevertheless, we would settle for an inoculation to immunize against cancer, all cancers, and get it over with once and for all. That is, presumably if we could just determine which and what viruses cause the different cancers. So in one way or another there is a continuing search for universally effective cancer vaccines, in a class with polio vaccines, an ideal yet to be realized, though Virginia Livingston,... 

The assertion is repeated that polio vaccine derived from Rhesus monkeys was contaminated with the monkey or ape virus named Simian 40. It is a retrovirus, harmless to apes and other animals, bnt in hnmans may affect the nervous system, and may be responsible for mental disorders, in tnm manifested in crime, even in snicides. Not to mention cancer. 

A comprehensive volume about the contamination of polio vaccine by the monkey virus SV40 and other viruses is by Debbie Bookchin and Jim Schumaker, titled The Virus and the Vaccine Contaminated Vaccine, Deadly Cancers, and Government Neglect, published in 2004. Some of the highlights of this controversy are as follows. 

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