Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines

Dolin, R., Human studies in the development of human immunodeficiency virus vaccines, J. Infect. Dis., 172,1175-1183,1995. 

The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered to all age groups and risk populations. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered yearly to children older than 6 months of age at risk for complications from influenza, such as those with asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and other conditions that compromise respiratory function. Healthy children 6 to 23 months of age should be vaccinated because of the increased risk for influenza-related... 

Unvaccinated persons who have frequent contact with those at high risk. / Persons who may have an inadequate response to vaccination (e.g., advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease). 

Responses to live and killed vaccines generally are suboptimal for human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-infected patients and decrease as the disease progresses. 

Live vaccines rarely may cause severe or fatal reactions as a result of uncontrolled replication (growth) of the vaccine virus. This may occur in persons with weak immune systems, including persons with leukemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or persons undergoing treatment with certain drugs. This is why it is so important to know a person s health status before giving a live vaccine. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine, 25 500-501 Human insulin... 

The study must be approved by the local authorities, and blood samples must be obtained from patients after informed consent in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki (34). The present study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of University College Hospital Galway. Extreme care should be taken when handling human blood sample. The presence in the sample of at least hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus should be tested. If this is not possible, treat the samples as if they would be infected. The personnel handling the human blood samples should be vaccinated at least for hepatitis B, and they must follow all the health and safety procedures of their institution. 

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of only a few retroviruses known to infect humans. It is estimated that approximately twenty-two million people are now infected worldwide [1]. With only a tiny number of exceptions, infection ultimately leads to the development of the lethal condition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. To date, only a handful of drugs have been shown to have any effect on the course of the disease. These are, in general, relatively ineffective at significantly prolonging life, and drug resistance develops rapidly. Equally discouraging, vaccines have not yet been developed to prevent infection. 

MacGregor, R.R., Boyer, J.D., Ugen, K.E., Lacy, K.E., Gluckman, S.J., Bagarazzi, M.L. et al. (1998) First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type I infection Safety and host response. J. Infect. Dis., 178, 92-100. 

Xin, K. Q. et al. (2001). A novel recombinant adeno-associated virus vaccine induces a long-term humoral immune response to human immunodeficiency virus. Hum. Gene Ther. 12(9), 1047-1061. 

Gahery-Segard H, Pialoux G, Charmeteau B, Sermet S, Poncelet H, Raux M, Tartar A, Levy JP, Gras-Masse H, Guillet J-G (2000) Multiepitopic B- and T-cell responses induced in humans by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lipopeptide vaccine. J Virol 74(4) 1694-1703... 

Cebere I, Dorrell L, McShane H, Simmons A, McCormack S, Schmidt C, Smith C, Brooks M, Roberts JE, Darwin SC, Fast PE, Conlon C, Rowland-Jones S, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. Phase I clinical trial safety of DNA- and modified virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines administered alone and in a prime-boost regime to healthy HIV-1-uninfected volunteers. Vaccine 2006 24 417-25. 

A. (2004), Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 DNA vaccine provides partial protection from acute baboon infection, Vaccine, 22, 2261-2272. 

Emini, E.A. and Putney, S.D. (1992). Human immunodeficiency virus. In Vaccines New Approaches to Immunological Problems. R.W.ElUs, ed. (Boston Butterworth-Heinemann), pp. 309 326. 

Various bacterial vectors have been used to express a number of bacterial B. pertussis, S. pneumoniae, Y. pestis, and L. monocytogenes), viral (herpesvirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B virus), and parasitic (5. mansoni, and L. major) antigens. Significant improvements in attenuation of bacteria, and the stability, localization, and expression levels of heterologous antigens are required to market the bacterial vector-based vaccines for use in humans or animals. 

Besnard M, Sauvion S, Offredo C, Gaudelus J, Gaillard JL, Veber F, Blanche S. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 12(12) 993-7. 

McLaughlin M, Thomas P, Onorato I, Rubinstein A, Oleske J, Nicholas S, Krasinski K, Guigli P, Orenstein W. Live virus vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children a retrospective survey. Pediatrics 1988 82(2) 229-33. 

Acquired immune deficiency s)mdrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [113]. At present 40 million people are infected with the virus worldwide, with an estimated five million new infections in 2004 alone [114]. A vaccine that limits HIV-associated disease states or prevents HIV infection would be a valuable tool for stemming... 

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