Poliomyelitis virus

Two major advantages stem from the use of live vaccines. Firstly, the immunization mimics a natural infection such that only a single exposure is required to render an individual immune. Secondly, the exposure may be mediated through the natural route of infection (e.g. oral) thereby stimulating an immime response that is appropriate to a particular disease (e.g. secretory antibody as primary defence against poliomyelitis virus in the gut). 

Kojic acid is not, so far as is yet known, active against viruses. It was tested, with negative results, against one strain of poliomyelitis virus and one strain of St. Louis encephalitis virus in mice,128 and also against sixty races of bacteriophage.124... 

Formaldehyde-killed Yersinia pestis Mixture of purified surface polysaccharide antigens obtained from differing serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus... 

Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk Inactivated poliomyelitis virus vaccine parenteral)... 

Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97 per cent. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1,2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

It is well known, for example, that about 5 per cent of the people who become infected with typhoid germs become typhoid carriers and continue indefinitely to harbor an active colony (harmless to them) of typhoid bacilli in their intestinal tracts. There is abundant evidence of graded susceptibility there are many mild cases, and the incubation time in different individuals may be from 3 to 30 days, indicating variable resistance. The fact that about 70 per cent of the carriers are women suggests that the constitutional characteristics which make it possible for individuals to endure the presence of the organisms are in some way sex-linked in their inheritance. The evidence with respect to typhoid carriers, diphtheria carriers, scarlet-fever carriers, poliomyelitis-virus carriers, etc., makes it seem probable that "carriers" enter into the dissemination of many other milder infections, and... 

Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk vaccine parenteral) Inactivated poliomyelitis virus Active immunization against polio... 

Enders, J.,T. Weller, and F. Robbins, Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues. Science, 1949.109 85-7. 

II A radically different type of nucleoprotein is that provided by the smaller RNA viruses of the elongated spiral type like tobacco mosaic, or of the polyhedral type such as tomato bushy stunt, tipula virus or poliomyelitis virus. The only one of these adequately studied has been tobacco mosaic virus, Franklin [19, 20], and here it appears that the protein and not the nucleic acid determines the structure. There is only one RNA chain and this is wound helically so that one protein is in contact with three successive nucleotides. 

Bodian, D., Morgan, I., and Schwerdt, C. E. (1950), Virus and host factors influencing the titer of Lansing poliomyelitis virus in monkeys, cotton rats and mice, Am. J. Hyg., 51,126-133. 

Cell cultures provide infected fluids that contain little debris and can generally be satisfactorily clarified by filtration. Because most viral vaccines made from cell cultures consist of live attenuated virus, there is no inactivation stage in their manufacture. There are, however, two important exceptions inactivated poliomyelitis virus vaccine is inactivated with dilute formaldehyde or (3-propiolactone and rabies vaccine is inactivated with (3-propiolactone. The preparation of these inactivated vaccines also involves a concentration stage — by adsorption and elution of the virus in the case of poliomyelitis vaccine and by ultrafiltration in the case of rabies vaccine. When processing is complete the bulk materials may be stored until needed for blending into final vaccine. Because of the lability of many viruses, however, it is necessary to store most purified materials at temperatures of —70°C. 

Poliomyelitis virus Equine encephalitis virus Influenza virus Phage T3... 

A virus is just such a huge molecule, one of the hugest single molecules known. One unfortunately common type is the poliomyelitis virus, a spherical molecule containing many thousands of atoms. It can be seen clearly with an election microscope, magnified here 180,000 diameters. 

Koprowski, H., Jervis, G. A., Norton, T. W., Am. J. Hyg. 55, 108 (1952). Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus. 

Prophylactically active agaiust a wide range of viruses, including those causing canine distemper, lymphomatosis in fowl, shipping fever in cattle, transmissible gastroenteritis iu swine, and coryza and other upper respiratory illnesses, as well as against ECHO viruses, enteroviruses in monkeys, MM neurotropic virus, Semliki Forest virus, and NEF 1 poliomyelitis virus. Antitumor activity demonstrated in experimental leukemia and sarcoma. 

K. In manufacturing other products, to prohibit to use the equipment and utensils of the room dealing with small pox viruses, acute poliomyelitis viruses, spore-forming pathogens or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the labels attached to them for each type of product. 

Nakamiya strain of Japanese encephalitis virus in mice [201]. Thiobarbiturates of type (XLIV, R = C11H23 to C18H37) are claimed to have antiviral activity, especially against influenza [202]. In a related patent the allyl substitution is extended to include Ci-Cg derivatives, which may be alkyl, alkenyl, chloroalkenyl, cyclohexyl or cyclohexenyl [203]. 5-Butyl-5-ethyl-barbituric acid and the 1-methylbutyl analogue (pentobarbitone), as well as two thiouracil derivatives, were found to have a direct virucidal action in vitro on poliomyelitis viruses in monkey testicular and kidney cultures [204]. Among a series of 5-halo, 5-acyl, 5-benzylidene, and 5-phenylcarbamoyl derivatives of 1-H, 1-methyl, and 1-phenylbarbituric acids, the sodium salt... 

FIG U RE 11.51 Shapes of some virus particles (a) tobacco mosaic virus, (b) adenovirus and (c) poliomyelitis virus. 

Fig.1. Viruses. Schematic representation of virus particles, all drawn to scale. The type of genome (RNA or DNA) is shown in brackets. Enveloped viruses 1 Pox virus (DNA). 2 Rabies virus (RNA). 3 Influenza virus (RNA). 4 Measles virus (RNA). 5 Chickenpox virus (ONA). Naked or unenveloped viruses 6 Yellow fever virus (RNA). 7 Adenovirus (DNA). 8 Reovirus (RNA). 9 Wart-papilloma virus (ONA). 10 Poliomyelitis virus (RNA). 11 Parvovirus (RNA). 12 Corona virus (RNA). 13 Tobacco mosaic virus (RNA). 14 Bacteriophage T2 (DNA).

Cornatzer, W. E., Sandstrom, W., and Fischer, R. G., 1961, Effect of poliomyelitis virus type I (Mahoney strain) on the phospholipid metabolism of the HeLa cell, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 49 414. 

Dunnebacke, T. H., 1956a, Correlation of the stage of cytopathic change with the release of poliomyelitis virus. Virology 2 399. 

Horne, R. W., and Nagington, J., 1959, Electron microscopic studies of the development and structure of poliomyelitis virus, J. Mol. Biol. 1 333. 

Such a profound inhibition of cellular protein synthesis is not an uncommon feature of virus infections of mammalian cells. Several lines of research have recently converged to demonstrate that adenoviruses, like certain other viruses that inhibit cellular protein synthesis, such as the picornaviruses poliomyelitis virus and encephal-omyocarditis virus, have evolved a mechanism to permit the selective translation of viral mRNA species. Although both adenoviruses and picornaviruses can efficiently redirect the translational machinery of their host cells, the actual molecular mechanisms employed appear to be quite distinct. 

A special application of L-arginine has been found to be a very helpful additive in dental formulations used to treat dentin hypersensitivity. The research demonstrated that a combination of 8% L-arginine and calcium carbonate helped the rapid and complete deposition of dentin plugs having calcium and phosphate over dentin tubules (Petrou et al., 2009). L-arginine also demonstrated a considerable antiviral effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and was found to be concentration dependent. The amino acid dso demonstrated a similar effect on other DNA and RNA viruses, such as the influenza virus, poliomyelitis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (Naito et al., 2009). 

McKee et cd., 1994 Comin et al 1999). These results have been confirmed for some sulfated sterols of ophiuroids, such as one that has been isolated from the species Ophioplocus januarii, which is sulfated at 2a and 21 and which has marked activily against four RNA viruses affecting humans herpesvirus type 1 (HSV-1), poliomyelitis virus (PV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus (Jimin virus) (Roccatagliata et al., 1996) (Table 26.6). 

Amathaspiramides A-F form an original group of alkaloids isolated from a New Zealand form of Amathia wilsoni. The cytotoxic activities of these amides are moderate, but amathaspiramide E has a strong activity against the poliomyelitis virus (Morris and Prinsep, 1999). 

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