Oral toxicity

The alcohols are toxic orally, through skin absorption, and through inhalation. The secondary alcohols are more toxic than the tertiary. The glycols are relatively low in toxicity. 

Although there is Httle toxicity information pubHshed on hydrides, a threshold limit value (TLV) for lithium hydride in air of 25 fig/has been established (52). More extensive data are available (53) for sodium borohydride in the powder and solution forms. The acute oral LD q of NaBH is 50-100 mg/kg for NaBH and 50-1000 mg/kg for the solution. The acute dermal LD q (on dry skin) is 4-8 g/kg for NaBH and 100-500 mg/kg for the solution. The reaction or decomposition by-product sodium metaborate is slightly toxic orally (LD q is 2000-4000 mg/kg) and nontoxic dermally. 

As a class of compounds the toxicity of alkylphenols range from moderately toxic (oral rat LD 50—500 mg/kg) to practically nontoxic (oral rat LD q... 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Highly Toxic Oral LDgo of 50 mg/kg or less m rats ... 

Semicarbazide hydrochloride (hydrazine carboxamide hydrochloride) [563-41-7] M 111.5, m 173 (dec), 175 (dec), pK " 3.66. Crystd from aqueous 75% EtOH and dried under vacuum over CaS04. Also crystd from a mixture of 3.6 mole % MeOH and 6.4 mole % of water. [Kovach et al. J Am Chem Soc 107 7360 1985.] IR v 700, 3500 cm" [Org Synth Coll Vol I 485 I94I-, Davison and Christie J Chem Soc 3389 I955 -, Thiele and Stange Chem Ber 27 33 I894 pK Bartlett J Am Chem Soc 54 2853 1923]. The free base crystd as prisms from abs EtOH, m 96° [ Curtius and Heidenreich Chem Ber 21 55 1894]. TOXIC ORALLY, possible CARCINOGEN and TERATOGEN. 

Thiamin has a very low toxicity (oral LD5o of thiaminchloride hydrochloride in mice 3-15 g/kg body weight). The vitamin is used therapeutically to cure polyneuropathy, beri-beii (clinically manifest thiamin deficiency), and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome ( Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis). In mild polyneuropathy, 10-20 mg/d water-soluble or 5-10 mg/d lipid-soluble thiamin are given orally. In more severe cases, 20-50 mg/d water-soluble or 10-20 mg/d lipid-soluble thiamin are administered orally. Patients suffering from beri-beri or from early stages of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome receive 50-100 mg of thiamin two times a day for several days subcutaneously or intravenously until symptoms are alleviated. Afterwards, the vitamin is administered orally for several weeks. 

Zmudzki, J., G.R. Bratton, C. Womac, and L. Rowe. 1983. Lead poisoning in cattle reassessment of the minimum toxic oral dose. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30 435-441. 

Sheep and calves dying after toxic oral doses of 1,2-dibromoethane (Schlinke 1969) had nonspecific clinical signs of stiffness, prostration, and anorexia. 

Thus the selected Lewis acid catalyst, TOT, has good catalytic activity, selectivity and stability. It is a non-viscous liquid which is compatible with TOP18 and is miscible with 2,5-DHF and non polar alkane solvents. It has a very low vapor pressure so it is not lost during product distillation and catalyst recovery operations. TOT is easily synthesized at low cost and it has low toxicity (Oral LD-50 (rat), >2000 mg/kg Dermal LD-50 (rat), >2000 mg/kg). 

Parthenln is a major component found in the trichomes of Parthenium hysterophorus, making up about 8% of the dry weight of the plant (161). It causes dermatitis in humans and cattle (162, 163) and acts as an allelochemic (164). Parthenln acted as an antlfeedant and was toxic orally at 0.01% to Dysdereus koenlgl. 

Chloramphenicol Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria Use is rare in the developed world because of serious toxicities Oral, IV hepatic clearance (half-life 2.5 h) dosage is 50-100 mg/kg/d in four divided doses Toxicity Dose-related anemia, idiosyncratic aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome... 

Zinc Essential to all organisms used jo >70 enzymes aa-bilizes coiled ribosomes. Flays a role in sexual maturation and reproduction. U.S. population marginally deficient. Moderately to slightly toxic orally causes vomiting and diarrhea/ Pollution from industrial smoke may cause lung disease use of zinc promotes cadmium pollution. Certain areas (e.g., Iran and Egypt) are zinc deficient."... 

Health and Safety Factors. Some of the Vazo products are mild skin or eye irritants in laboratory animals (Table 9) but none are skin sensitizers. In the absence of a polymerizable vinyl polymer, tetramethylsuccinonitrile [3333-52-6] (TMSN) is the principal decomposition product of Vazo 64. TMSN is highly toxic orally (rat oral LD50 of 39 mg/kg) and by inhalation (29). OSHA regulations require that an employee s exposure to TMSN in any 8-h shift does not exceed an 8-h time-weighted average of 0.5 ppm in air (=3 mg/m3). Because both TMSN solid and vapor are capable of penetrating the skin and mucous membranes, control of vapor inhalation alone may not be sufficient to prevent absorption of an excessive dose. 

Name CAS Registry Number Formula Properties Toxicity, oral LD50 rat, Uses... 

Extracts from plants have been used for centuries to control insects. Nicotine (.S )-3-(l-methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine] (Figure 5.1) is an alkaloid occurring in a number of plants and was first used as an insecticide in 1763. Nicotine is quite toxic orally as well as dermally. The acute oral FD50 of nicotine sulfate for rats is 83 mg/kg and... 

Alpha-toluenethiol, also called benzyl mercaptan (bp, 195°C) is very toxic orally. It is an experimental carcinogen. 

Acute toxicity Oral LD 5g/kg in rats. Dermal LDS0 10 g/kg in rabbits. Irritation Tested without irritation at 10%. 

Acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity (oral, inhalation, dermal)... 

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