Tonics

CaC3Hs(0H)2p04,H20. A constituent of many proprietary nerve tonics. 

Description of Method. Quinine is an alkaloid used in treating malaria (it also is found in tonic water). It is a strongly fluorescent compound in dilute solutions of H2SO4 (f = 0.55). The excitation spectrum of quinine shows two absorption bands at 250 nm and 350 nm, and the emission spectrum shows a single emission band at 450 nm. Quinine is rapidly excreted from the body in urine and is easily determined by fluorescence following its extraction from the urine sample. 

Hair removers Hair rinse Hair sprays Hair tonics... 

Primidone [125-33-7] C22H24N2O2 (39) is an analogue of phenobarbital that is used for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is metabolized in humans to phenobarbital (6) and phenylethyLmalondiamide [7206-76-0J, C22H24N2O2 (40) and these metaboUtes are probably responsible for its anticonvulsant actions. Primidone has many of the side effect HabiUties seen with phenobarbital. 

Bay Oil. Steam distillation of the leaves of the tree Pimenta racemosa (Mill) which is indigenous to certain islands of the West Indies, particularly Dominica and Puerto Rico, is called bay or bay leaf oil. The same source was used in the past to produce Bay Rum in which mm was distilled over the leaves. Bay oil [8006-78-8] is a yellowish to dark brown mobile Hquid with a fresh-spicy, sometimes medicinal odor with a lasting sweet-balsamic undertone. The oil finds extensive use in hair tonics, after-shave lotions as well as other men s-type fragrances. There is Htde or no use by the flavor industry. The range of components for a number of bay leaf oils is shown in Table 25 (66). 

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

Medical Usage. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for home, hospital, and industry (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). It is about twice as effective as ethyl alcohol in these appHcations (153,154). Rubbing alcohol, a popular 70 vol % isopropyl alcohol-in-water mixture, exemplifies the medicinal use of isopropyl alcohol. Other examples include 30 vol % isopropyl alcohol solutions for medicinal liniments, tinctures of green soap, scalp tonics, and tincture of mercurophen. It is contained in pharmaceuticals, eg, local anesthetics, tincture of iodine, and bathing solutions for surgical sutures and dressings. Over 200 uses of isopropyl alcohol have been tabulated (2). 

Products such as aftershave lotions, hair tonics, and soaps contain additives purely for esthetic reasons. In many cases, though, the colorant is a significant functional part of a cosmetic, often comprising half of its total weight. Some cosmetics, including eyebrow pencils, nail poHshes, and rouges, are really Httie more than colorants mixed with one or more materials that serve simply as binders, vehicles, or diluents to give the product desirable appHcation properties (29,36-40). 

Microemulsions, temporary emulsions, that is, two-layer haH dressHigs, and clear solutions of nonvolatile lubricants are on the market. HaH tonics, usually hydro-alcohoHc, achieve similar effects by including Hpid substances or synthetic em ollients, such as the mono butyl ethers of polypropylene oxides [9003-13-8] (10—50 mol). The primary benefits of these Hpid-based products are lubrication and improvements Hi haH gloss and hair-hoi ding (dressHig)... 

Morphine. This alkaloid exerts both a depressing and a stimulating action on the central nervous system, the depression affecting the brain especially the sensation of pain and the respiration the cerebral motoi functions are less affected. The stimulant action in the cord is best seen in the cold-blooded animals, when it may develop into tonic convulsions. In higher animals, but rarely in man, there may be some indication of this stimulant action. In cats it may also involve the motor areas, and they... 

The Aristolochias are used in medicine as tonics due to the presence of bitter principles, though Hesse suggested that A. reticulata Nutt, then the serpentary root of commerce, might contain aristolochine, and the view that the bitter constituents are of alkaloidal character has been confirmed by Krishnaswamy, Manjunath and Rao, for A. indica L. 

The stems of these plants constitute the drug Chin-Shih-Hu, used in China and Japan as a tonic and antipyretic. Some uncertainty... 

Picrasma crenata. Stated to contain an uncharacterised alkaloid sigmine, which lowers the contractility and tonicity of the isolated duodenal preparation of the rabbit. In dogs it is hypotensive and lowers concentration of blood sugar, 3 to 4 hours after injection. (Pereira, Ann. foe. med. Univ. S. Paulo, 1938, 14, 269 Chem. Abstr., 1939, 33, 3877).)... 

Blut mehl, n. blood meal, mittel, n. (Med.) blood tonic. plflttchen, n. blood plate, blood platelet. reinigung, /. blood purification, blutrot, a. blood red. 

Kraft-mehl, n. starch, amylum. -messer, m. dynamometer, -mittel, n. forceful means powerful remedy tonic, -packpapier, n. kraft (wrapping) paper, -papier, n. kraft paper, kraft. -papierstoff, m. kraft pulp, -quelle, /. source of power, -rad, n. motorcycle. -rdhre, /. (Physics) tube of force, -sammler, m. accumulator, -sitz, m. (Mach.) forced fit. -speicher, m. accumulator, -spi-ritus, m. motor spirit, -stoff, m. power fuel, motor fuel (Paper) kraft pulp, -stoffge-misch, n. fuel mixture, -stoffverbrauch, m. fuel consumption, -stoffwirtschaft, /. fuel economy, -strom, m. (Elec.) power current, -iibertragung, /. power transmission, -ver-brauch, m. power consumption, -verkehr, m. motor traffic. 

Spann-knorpel, m. thyroid cartilage, -kraft, /. tension extensibility, expansibility, elasticity. tonicity. 

Starke-mehlkleister, m. starch paste, -messer, m. amylometer. -messung, /. measiirement of strength or size, -milch, /. thin starch paste, -mittel, n. strengthening remedy, tonic, restorative. 

The ability to reduce stimulus-response mechanisms to single mono tonic functions allows relative cellular response to yield receptor-specific drug parameters. 

Discussion. This determination is an ideal experiment with which to gain experience in quantitative fluorimetry. It can be employed particularly for the determination of the amount of quinine in samples of tonic water. 

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