To treat malaria

Alkaloid of cinchona bark used to treat malaria)... 

The profound physiological effects of alkaloids have been known for centuries. For example, Socrates was put to death with an extract of hemlock, which contains a poisonous alkaloid, coniine. Other alkaloids have long been valued for their beneficial medical effects. Examples include morphine (a painkiller), quinine (used to treat malaria), and atropine (used to treat Parkinson s disease and in eye drops that dilate the pupils). 

The Import Drugs Act—the first federal statute to ensure the quality of drugs—was passed when quinine used by American troops in Mexico to treat malaria was found to be adulterated... 

Quinine, obtained from the barks/roots of a plant (Cinchona genus), was used to treat malaria. 

The characteristic taste of tonic water is due to the addition of quinine. Quinine is a naturally occurring compound that is also used to treat malaria. The base dissociation constant, Kb, for quinine is 3.3 x 10 . Calculate [OH ] and the pH of a 1.7 x 10 mol/L solution of quinine. 

FDA) for use in humans to treat malaria because this drug is considered a safe drug with few side effects.These features prompted various scientists around the world to evaluate the potential of artemisinin (1) and derivatives to control cancer cells proliferation. This chapter reviews the recent advances on analytical methods for extraction and quantification of artemisinin (1) from A. annua. Examples of artemisinin-derivatives with antiproliferative activities are listed, describing the structure-activity relationships of 96 compounds. This knowledge is essential for future development and use of artemisinin derivatives in cancer therapy. The mechanism of action of artemisinin and derivatives on cancer cells have been well reviewed in literature and therefore is not discussed in this chapter. 

The sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin (Fig. 1), in association with other medications, is used to treat malaria. Over-expression of the cotton... 

Quinine is an alkaloid produced by various Cinchona species (e.g. Cinchona pubescens or fever tree), which are mainly native to South America. The bark of these trees were initially used to treat malaria. Quinine itself was subsequently isolated in 1820 and found to be toxic not only to the protozoan Plasmodium (which causes malaria) but also to several other protozoan species. 

A. Liposomal amphotericin B was approved by the US. Food and Drug Administration to treat visceral leishmaniasis. Pentavalent antimony compounds, pentamidine, amphotericin B, and aminosi-dine (paromomycin) have all been demonstrated efficacious here. The liposomal amphotericin appears to be better taken up by the reticuloendothelial system, where the parasite resides, and partitions less in the kidney, where amphotericin B traditionally manifests its toxicity. In addition to being better tolerated by patients, it has proved to be very effective in India, where resistance to antimony drugs is widespread. This patient appears to have acquired his infection there, where many infected patients develop darkening of the skin, hence the name kala-azar, or black sickness. Albendazole, an anthelmintic, has no role here. Atovaquone, a naphthoquinone, is used to treat malaria, babesiosis, and pneumocystosis. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine is used to treat malaria and toxoplasmosis. Proguanil inhibits the dihydrofolate reductase of malaria parasites and is used in combination with atovaquone. 

Nicaragua. Decoction of the root is taken orally by women during childbirth, as a digestive, and for colds . The rhizome is taken orally for belly pain, fever, and gas ° . Nigeria. The rhizome is taken orally as a blood purifier, febrifuge, carminative, and stimulant, and for malaria, stomachache, headache, and indigestion . Water extract of the dried rhizome is taken orally to treat malaria and schistosomiasis . Oman. Infusion of the rhizome is taken orally as an expectorant and for bronchitis. 

There are some who have argued that without the use of Cinchona extracts, and later synthetic quinine analogues, world history over the past two centuries would have taken a very different course. It is argued that the use of quinine to treat malaria (and to a lesser extent yellow fever) facilitated colonialisation by western European countries of territories that would have been too hostile for foreigners with little natural resistance to parasitic-induced fevers. For example, the Panama Canal might not have been built without access to quinine. The outcome of the American Civil War has even been speculated upon because the successful blockade of the Confederate ports caused severe shortages of quinine so the Confederate Armies were debilitated by fevers. 

Tithonia is a small genus of fewer than ten species. The Mexican and Central American genus Tithonia has yielded some ornamental plants (e.g., T. rotundifolia), and at least one species, T. diversifolia, is now a pantropically distributed bad weed. It is used to treat malaria (see Heinrich et al 1998). 

Polycyclic aromatic heterocycles that contain pyridine rings fused with benzene rings include quinoline and isoquinoline. Quinine, used to treat malaria, is an example of a naturally occurring quinoline. 

Wellcome Pharmaceutical Laboratories, George Hitchings, it recognized the work of this pair that led to the development of a series of important drugs, among these drugs used to treat malaria, the leukemias, viral infections, and some forms of impaired immune response. 

Quinine is an alkaloid compound used to treat malaria and other feverish ailments. It is a product of the bark of the Cinchona tree, a large evergreen originally found in South America. The bark alone is called Peruvian bark, and is used in powdered form to treat fevers. 

Enantiomers/Structural Isomers. The particular optical isomer of a drug being used in a formulation is quite important. For example, quinine is used to treat malaria quinidine, its optical isomer, is used for heart arrhythmia. In 1985, Ciurczak observed that although pure d- and L-amino adds gave identical spectra, the racemic mixtures (dl-) produced an entirely different spectra. Some work was presented by Ciurczak in 1986, which was later expanded and published by Buchanan et al. in 1988, where the enantiomer ratio was determined via NIR. 

Pentaquine is an 8-aminoquinoline that has been used to treat malaria (1,2) and trypanosomiasis (3,4). It has adverse effects very similar to those of primaquine. 

Quinidine is used to treat and control atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Quinidine is also approved to treat premature ventricular contractions and to treat paroxysmal atrial tachycardia or paroxysmal atrioventricular junctional rhythm. It may also be used to treat malaria, although quinine is preferred. 

DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE INHIBITORS have as a target the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, and are known as folate antagonists. These include anttcancer agents ( antimetabolites ) such as methotrexate, antibacterial AGENTS such as trimethoprim, and the antiprotozoals pyrimethamine and proguanil (which are used to treat malaria). Folate is required for synthesis of purine nucleotides, which in turn are essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. In mammals it is necessary to convert body folates, through two separate enzyme-catalysed reduction... 

Besides indigo, many other natural products have been produced in the laboratory. One of these is quinine, a compound used for hundreds of years to treat malaria. Quinine is naturally derived from the bark of the tropical Cinchona trees found in Amazonia. Chemists had been trying to synthesize this important drug since the mid-1800s, and finally succeeded in the 1940s. The availability of synthetic quinine helped the Allied troops combat malaria in the Pacific during World War II, and thus it may indirectly be partly responsible forthe outcome of the war. 

The objective of this study is to discuss the uses of African traditional plants to treat malaria in Africa, and to review the modem literature research on the bioactivities of these plants against the vector and the parasite Plasmodium falciparum). 

This review has shown that many plants from Africa and other continents have been reported to be used to treat malaria in traditional medicine. Modem in vitro screens against the P. falciparum has confirmed the antimalarial properties for many of these plants and their extracts and clearly given the magnitude of the problem and the national costs due to malaria illness, death and suffering, the use of medicinal plants either in traditional manners and/or as leads for new compounds that may serve in the future for new anti-malarial drags presents scientific opportunities. 

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