Normal saline

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

Sea water of normal salinity, in equilibrium with the atmosphere, has the following oxygen contents (compare Table 2.14) ... 

GLAUCOMA When a cholinergic drug is used to treat glaucoma, die nurse checks the eye and die area around die eye daily for evidence of redness, inflammation, and excessive secretions, particularly if die ocular system is used. If secretions are present around die eye, the nurse removes them with a cotton ball or gauze soaked in normal saline or other cleansing solution recommended by die primary health care provider. 

C. Provide frequent mouth care with normal saline or alcohol-free mouthwash. 

Sodium is essential for the maintenance of normal heart action and in the regulation of osmotic pressure in body cells. Sodium, as sodium chloride (NaCl), may be given IV. A solution containing 0.9% NaCl is called normal saline, and a solution containing 0.45% NaCl is called half-normal saline. Sodium also is available combined with dextrose, for example, dextrose 5% and sodium chloride 0.9%. 

The second valve controls a sample loop, 5 cm long and 1 mm in diameter, packed with dimethyloctadecyl reverse phase comprising of fairly coarse particles 100-120 im in diameter to reduce flow impedance. The sample pump is supplied via a two-way tap from either of two reservoirs, one containing pure water and the other, normal saline. The output of the pump can be used to either force the contents of the open loop sample tube through the packed loop, or to permit washing with an appropriate solvent. The separate pump is necessary to overcome the impedance of the packed loop. 

A sample loop, having a capacity of 400 pi, was filled with the serum which was displaced by 2 ml of normal saline onto the packed sample loop. The loop was then washed with a further 2 ml of saline followed by 2 ml of water and the placed in line with the solvent flow and the program initiated. The chromatogram obtained is shown in figure 6. 

This is an insoluble gelatin foam produced by whisking warm gelatin solution to a uniform foam, wtiieh is then dried. It ean be cut into suitable shapes, paeked in metal or paper containers and sterilized by dry heat (150°C for 1 hour). Moist heat destroys the physical properties of the material. Immediately before use, it ean be moistened with normal saline eontaining thrombin. It behaves as a meehanieal haemostat providing the ftamewoik on wtiieh blood elotting ean oeeur. 

Male Dublin-ICR white mice were administered pentylenetetrazol (dissolved in normal saline) by tail vein infusion. This slow intravenous infusion of PTZ to mice provided three consistent and easily measured endpoints for assessing anticonvulsant effects ... 

Atropine, epinephrine, and lidocaine can be administered through the tracheal tube before venous access is achieved at 2-2.5 times the recommended intravenous dose diluted with 10 mL of normal saline or sterile water. Stop CPR, administer beyond the tip of the endotracheal tube, follow with five quick insufflations to aerosolize the drug, and then resume CPR. 

Infiltrate involved area with phentolamine 5 mg (in 10 mL normal saline)... 

Use a crystalloid (normal saline or lactated Ringer s solution) or a colloid (hydroxyethyl starch or albumin 5%) intravenous boluses... 

Maintain intravascular volume status and urine output with normal saline... 

One liter normal saline rapidly, then 1 L/h x 2 h, then 150-300 mL/h... 

Prepare 100 units of insulin in 100 mL normal saline ° 10 units or 0.1 units/kg IV bolus, then 0.05-0.1 units/kg/h continuous IV infusion... 

Restore intravascular volume with normal saline if in hypovolemic shock... 

Hydration with normal saline or sodium bicarbonate (3 amps... 

Dilutional (administration of nonalkali fluids [i.e., normal saline, D5W])... 

Intravenous normal saline (to address volume depletion)... 

Therapeutic fluids include crystalloid and colloid solutions. The most commonly used crystalloids include normal saline, hypertonic saline, and lactated Ringer s solution. Examples of colloids include albumin, the dextrans, hetastarch, and fresh frozen plasma. 

Fluids can be classified further according to their tonicity. Isotonic solutions (i.e., normal saline or 0.9% sodium chloride [NaCl]) have a tonicity equal to that of the ICF (approximately 310 mEq/L or 310 mmol/L) and do not shift the distribution of water between the ECF and the ICF. Because hypertonic solutions (i.e., hypertonic saline or 3% NaCl) have greater tonicity than the ICF (greater than 376 mEq/L or 376 mmol/L), they draw water from the ICF into the ECF. In contrast, hypotonic solutions (i.e., 0.45% NaCl) have less tonicity than the ICF (less than 250 mEq/L or 250 mmol/L) leading to an osmotic pressure gradient that pulls water from the ECF into the ICF. The tonicity, electrolyte content, and glucose content of selected fluids are shown in Table 24—3. 

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