Fuel and power

Brown Coal in Victoria, the Kesource and Its Development, Ministry of Fuel and Power, Victoria, Australia, 1977. 

Nuclear fuel and power Radioactive substances Radioisotopes ... 

Under Part 1 of EPA 90, an IPC system eontrols emissions to air, land and water for the most polluting industrial and similar proeesses. All operators of preseribed proeesses, e.g. fuel and power, minerals, waste disposal and ehemieal, require prior authorization. They are required to use BATNEEC, the Best Available Teehnology Not Entailing Exeessive Cost ... 

Important factors to be considered in the study of areas and sites for plant location include raw materials, transportation, process water, waste disposal, fuel and power, and weather. These are discussed individually. 

The need for building control arose primarily to protect the health and safety of the population and, latterly, to conserve fuel and power and prevent waste. Local and State Building Regulations give standards of performance necessary in the building and, as such, make reference to national and international standards and codes of practice. The regulations cover two areas of health and safety and can be subdivided as follows ... 

The mandatory requirement is that reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings . This requirement applies to dwellings and all other buildings whose floor area exceeds 30 m. ... 

The Department of the Environment s interpretation of reasonableness is given in the 1990 edition of Building Regulations 1985, Approved Document L, Conservation of Fuel and Power, available from HMSO. This deals with three areas of energy conservation ... 

New Building Regulations for the Conservation of Fuel and Power for England and Wales came into operation on 1 April 1990. The new maximum U values of the elements (W/m K) are shown in Table 27.4. 

Under Part I of the act an IPC system controls emissions to air, land or water for the most polluting industrial and similar processes. IPC is limited to prescribed processes (e.g. chemical, fuel and power, waste disposal, minerals etc.) by prior authorization. Authorization is based on the requirement for owners/controllers to prevent release of prescribed substances or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the release to a minimum. Any residual release must be rendered harmless. To achieve these aims, operators must use the best practicable means not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC). 

Utility costs can vary enormously between different processing sites. This is especially true of fuel and power costs. Not only do fuel costs vary considerably between different fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) but costs also tend to be sensitive to market fluctuations. Contractual relationships also have a significant effect on fuel costs. The price paid for fuel depends very much on how much is purchased and the pattern of usage. 

Figure 23.40 The optimum setting of site heat recovery involves a trade-off involving fuel and power costs.

Figure 23.41 illustrates the overall trade-offs as a function of the number of intermediate steam mains for the case of maximized energy recovery13. Two curves are shown in Figure 23.41. The upper curve corresponds with minimum fuel requirement and the lower corresponds with minimum utility cost. Both correspond with no condensing power generation from utility steam. Once the number of intermediate mains has been chosen, then the settings for those mains are chosen, either for the upper curve to correspond with the minimum fuel for the utility steam boilers or for the lower curve for minimum utility cost (fuel and power). As the number of intermediate steam mains is increased, the fuel required and the utility cost both decrease. However, the decrease in cost diminishes as the number of steam mains increases.13...

In assessing the true cost benefits associated with a steam saving, the steam and power balance for the site utility system must be considered, together with the costs of fuel and power (or power credit in an export situation). In general, a surplus of steam resulting from a steam saving in a process demand can be exploited by... 

Combining fuel and power production, possibly extended with (bulk) chemical production by advanced integrated biorefinery process concepts... 

A common metric used to compare different alternative fuels and power trains to a benchmark fuel and vehicle are C02 avoidance costs, which take into account cost of fuel, infrastructure and vehicles. However, depending on the calculation methods, and system boundaries, as well as the assumptions about C02 emissions reduction achievable and vehicle prices relative to the benchmark, significant variations in C02 avoidance costs are possible. For this reason, the discussion about C02 avoidance costs is not addressed in great detail. 

Besides fuel and power production, there is the opportunity of recovering chemicals from pyrolysis liquids (Fig. 7.5). Even if there is a wide range of specialties that can be extracted or derived, including food flavorings, resins, agrochemicals, fertilizers and emissions control agents, this application is likely to lie in niche markets. 

Report on the Petroleum and Synthetic Oil Industry of Germany" The Ministry of Fuel and Power His Majesty s Stationery Office London, 1947, pp 46-69. 

Temple, F. C., Allan, W. et at. 1945. Northumberland and Cumberland Coalfields Regional Survey Report (Northern A Region. Report to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. HMSO, London, 59 pp. 

H.C. Grimshaw, Ministry of Fuel and Power, Safety in Mines Res Estab, Res Rept No 34, 3-29(1951) CA 46, 6385-85(1952) (Slow burning of permitted expls as a possible cause of hangfires or delayed expins)... 

Expl concn limits of coal dusts) Ibid, Komun No 159, 34pp (1954) (Engl summary) CA 50, 10410 (1956) (Safety of mining expls in the presence of coal dust) U)H. Ahrens, Ministry of Fuel and Power (Brit),... 

European Commission JRC, Well-to-wheals analysis of future fuels and power trains in the European context, version 2c, March 2007... 

COST PROJECTIONS FOR FUELS AND POWER FROM BIOMASS... 

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