Blood meal

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Area repellents are materials that are intended to keep animals away from a broad area. They include predator scent such as Hon or tiger manure, blood meal, tankage such as putrefied slaughterhouse waste, bone tar oil, rags soaked in kerosene or creosote, and human hair (84). Although few controlled tests have been mn on these materials in the past, more recent investigations of predator odors have shown promise (85). 

Blut mehl, n. blood meal, mittel, n. (Med.) blood tonic. plflttchen, n. blood plate, blood platelet. reinigung, /. blood purification, blutrot, a. blood red. 

Isolation from hydrolysates of blood meal by ion-exchange chromatography. Reference(s) ... 

Male sand flies release this sex pheromone to attract females for mating. The males attractant is more potent when mingled with odors from a host that can furnish a blood meal, so that a male sand fly is a more efficient lure for females when he is on an appropriate host. This host attractant in humans is some component of skin odor, but its chemical nature is still obscure. Experiments with human volunteers have revealed that individuals have widely differing levels of attraction for sand flies and that a single individual s attractiveness fluctuates over time. Male sand flies respond to these host odors just as females do, even though they do not feed on blood. In this way, flies can meet and mate on a host, and the mated female can proceed to take a blood meal at once in preparation for laying her eggs. 

Both male and female tsetse live solely on vertebrate blood, and the various species that carry sleeping sickness typically feed not only on humans but also on both domestic and wild animals. Infected flies pass on trypanosomes whenever they take a blood meal, so that the parasites not only move between flies and humans, but also infect a number of other hosts. Infected domestic animals develop nagana, but wild animals may show no sign of illness. They serve instead as healthy animal reservoirs of trypanosomes, permitting tsetse flies to pick up the parasites at any time without necessarily feeding on infected humans or domestic animals. For this reason and also because available drug therapies have proved no more practical here than for leishmaniasis, control of trypanosomiasis has long emphasized eradication of tsetse flies. 

Many hunters react to their prey s overall scent or some of its components, perhaps the smell of fur or some less complex odor. One of the world s most injurious insects, the African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae), prefers humans to other sources of a blood meal. Oddly, whenever possible the mosquitoes bite people on their feet. This predilection reflects their strong attraction to the mixture of fatty acids that we associate with smelly feet. Humans may find the odor offensive, but these mosquitoes know it as a fragrant guide to blood. The same fatty acids also draw them to another odor that offends some people, the smell of Limburger cheese. 

Blood-sucking insects have in their saliva a number of agents that are designed to help them obtain a sufficient blood meal. These substances... 

Fig. 23. The dissociation constants and redox stability of the NO and histamine complexes of the nitrophorins from the saliva of Rhodnius prolixus, and how they aid the insect in obtaining a sufficient blood meal. Modified from Ref (.31).

Ciavatta, C., Govi, M., Sitti, L., and Gessa, C. (1997). Influence of blood meal organic fertilizer on soil organic matter. /. Plant Nutrition 20,1573-1591. 

Klowden, M. J., and Lea, A. O. (1979). Abdominal distension terminates subsequent host-seeking behavior of Aedes aegypti following a blood meal. J. Insect. Physiol. 25, 583-585. 

The intrinsic life cycle begins when a female mosquito takes a blood meal. At this time, sporozoites that have matured in the mosquito s salivary glands are inoculated into the blood stream. These sporozoites migrate to the liver where they infect hepato-cytes and progress from early trophozoites to mature schizonts. This process is referred to as the exoerythrocytic cycle. Schizonts in the liver contain thousands of merozoites that are able to infect... 

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