Bitter tonic cinchona

Cinchona The dried bark of any of several species of Chinchona (especially C. ledgeriana and C. succlrubra) or their hybrids, containing the alkaloids quinine, cinchonine, quinidine. cinchontdlne. etc. It is used as a cure in malaria, as a reducer in other fevers and as a bitter tonic and stomachic. Called also Peruvian bark jesult s bark. 

Definition Extract of the bark of the cinchona, Cinchona succirubra Properties Bitter tonic... 

Cinchona has astringent and bitter tonic properties also reportedly has analgesic and local anesthetic properties, among others (Goodman AND Gilman jiangsu naniing). 

Quinine (t) 9 h 18 h in severe malaria) is obtained from the bark of the South American Cinchona tree. It binds to plasmodial DNA to prevent protein synthesis but its exact mode of action remains uncertain. It is used to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas of multiple-drug resistance. Apart from its antiplasmodial effect, quinine is used for myotonia and muscle cramps because it prolongs the muscle refractory period. Quinine is included in dilute concentration in tonics and aperitifs for its desired bitter taste. 

Tonics. Medicines that increase tho tone of tho muscular fibre, and Impart vigor to the system. The principal mineral tonics ore iron, zinc, copper, silver, arsenic, bismuth, mercuiy, and the mineral acids. The principal vegetable tonics are cinchona or Peruvian bark, cinchonine, quinine, the vegetable bitters, and some of the aromatics. Of the above, iron, bark, and its preparations, and the aromatic bitters, are those gimcrally employed, and which prove most genial to the... 

Some of our most important medicinal drugs have originated from plants. Lewis and Clark took Peruvian bark, or cinchona bark, with them as a medicine on their 1804 expedition from the eastern United States to the Pacific Coast and back. The bitter essence of cinchona bark is quinine, an amine drug that has been used to combat malaria. Quinine is responsible for the bitter taste of tonic water, a carbonated beverage (Figure 16.4). Some other amines that come from plants are caffeine (from coffee, a stimulant), atropine (from the deadly nightshade, used to dilate the pupil of the eye for eye exams), and codeine (from the opium poppy, used as a painkiller). 

An important bitter substance used for making bitter drinks (such as tonic waters) is the alkaloid quinine, which is obtained from the bark of different species of the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae), especially from the bark of Cinchona officinalis native to Amazon rainforest (see Section 10.3.3.1.5). 

Quinine, isolated from cinchona bark in the form of hydrochloride or sulfate, is mainly used in medicine as an antimalarial and antipyretic medication. In sensory analysis it is used as a standard of bitterness and in the food industry for the production of bitter soft drinks, such as bitter lemon and Indian tonic waters, and in some alcoholic beverages (such as the flavoured wine Barolo Chinato in Italy) for its distinctive bitter taste. The taste threshold concentration of bitter taste perception is about 10 mg/1. 

A tonic containing bitter matters from such substances as aloes, bitter orange peel, cinchona bark, gentian, or quassia. 

Food. Quinine and extracts of cinchona (mostly red cinchona) are extensively used as a bitter in tonic water, alcoholic bitters, liqueurs, and soft drinks (bitter lemon drinks) amounts in commercial soft drinks are approximately 61-67 mg/L. °... 

Quina, Cinchona sp., is a tree native to South America, where people use the bark from trunks and branches because they contain quinoline alkaloids (quinine) and bitter principles. They are used in cosmetics because of their tonic, asbingent, anti-dandruff and hair growth-stimulating properties (Council of Europe, 1989). The use of quinine and quinine salts is restricted to shampoos and hair lotions (Annexe III, Part 1). 

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