Cartilage Thyroid

Schild-knorpel, m. thyroid cartilage, -kraut, n. skullcap Scutellaria), -krote, /. turtle, tortoise. -laus, /. cochineal insect, -part, n. tortoise shell. 

Spann-knorpel, m. thyroid cartilage, -kraft, /. tension extensibility, expansibility, elasticity. tonicity. 

The authors have now reviewed in detail four cases of unexpected death following the use of neck holds in PCP-intoxicated individuals. In all of the cases, multiple carotid compression holds had been attempted, according to the history. Skin abrasions, hemorrhage into the soft tissues of the neck, and fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage provide structural evidence of the application of substantial force to the neck. On autopsy, there has been no evidence of lethal injuries to the bronchial tree, bra in, or heart. 

Deficiency syndromes of Zn, Cu, Cr, Se and Mo have occurred in patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). There is still much research to be done in assessing the nutritional status of many elements and understanding their metabolism, so that normal dietary intake may be supplemented for health benefits. Table 2 is a summary of the amounts required, the functions and the nutritional (usually dietary) imbalances in humans, where known, of the essential trace elements.31-33 (Note that this summary does not attempt to include imbalances related to environmental toxicology and occupational hazards.) Several trace elements have important functions in the immune system. Some are associated with nucleic acid. Others have structural roles, such as Si in cartilage, F and Zn in bone. They may be parts of vitamins, such as Co in vitamin B12, or hormones, such as iodine in thyroid hormones, Zn and Cr have a role in the synthesis and action of insulin.31-33... 

The internal carotid artery starts as the carotid sinus at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery at the level of the thyroid cartilage. It runs up the neck, without any branches, to the base of the skull where it passes through the foramen lacerum to enter the carotid canal of the petrous bone. It then runs through the cavernous sinus in an S-shaped curve (the carotid siphon) pierces the dura and exits just medial to the anterior clinoid process. It then bifurcates into the anterior cerebral artery and the larger middle cerebral artery. 

A 62-year-old man requiring a metered-dose inhaler (for the first time) was told to spray the medicine to the throat. He was foimd to have been conscientiously aiming and firing the aerosol to his anterior neck around the thyroid cartilage, four times a day for two weeks (Chiang A A, Lee J C 1994 New England Journal of Medicine 330 1690). 

Intermediate Endothelium, growing bone and cartilage, fibroblasts, glandular epithelium of breast, pulmonary, renal, pancreatic, thyroid, and hepatic epithelia. 

Anterior jugular Thyroid cartilage Internal jugular Thyroid gland External Jugular... 

Cricothyroid (glottis) This variable influences the length and the tension of the vocal folds. It can normally vary from 0.0 to 1.0. Contraction of the cricothyroid muscle in a real vocal system causes a visor-like movement of the thyroid cartilage on the cricoid cartilage this movement lengthens the vocal folds. The pitch of the utterance rises proportionally to the value of this variable. 

Four-fingers breadth cephalad to the muscle origin (at the level of the thyroid cartilage) (Adam s apple). Because of the muscle s mobility and the skin looseness, it is practical to pinch the muscle between the index and thumb to anchor it firmly and to allow a safer electrode insertion. 

Figure 89. Cross section at the T4-5 vertebral level (thyroid cartilage level).

The patient is supine with the head in neutral position. A pillow is placed across the shoulders to allow the head to be slightly hyper-extended. The skin covering the space between the cricoid and the thyroid cartilage is infiltrated with 1% xylocaine intracutaneously (to produce orange skin ). This infiltration is done 1cm from the mid-line bilaterally. When introducing the electrode, the larynx should be steady. 

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