Quinine tonic water

These nitrogen-containing natural products, often with powerful biological properties, are not usually incorporated into target molecules. However, they are important in asymmetric syntheses as the foundations of many reagents and catalysts. Quinine 119 is familiar as an anti-malarial and an ingredient in tonic water. Quinine and its twin cinchona alkaloid quinidine 118 are referred to as pseudo enantiomers. Each occurs naturally as one enantiomer only but the two structures are nearly enantiomeric only the vinyl side-chains disturb the symmetry and they act as enantiomers. The vinyl side-chains are reduced and two molecules of, say, dihydroquinine (DHQ) are joined... 

Since quinine is extremely bitter, gin was added to make it easier to drink, giving rise to the cocktail gin and tonic that nowadays contains only minute amounts of the alkaloid. In addition to tonic water, quinine is also an ingredient of other beverages, e.g., bitter lemon or vermouth. 

Description of Method. Quinine is an alkaloid used in treating malaria (it also is found in tonic water). It is a strongly fluorescent compound in dilute solutions of H2SO4 (f = 0.55). The excitation spectrum of quinine shows two absorption bands at 250 nm and 350 nm, and the emission spectrum shows a single emission band at 450 nm. Quinine is rapidly excreted from the body in urine and is easily determined by fluorescence following its extraction from the urine sample. 

Discussion. This determination is an ideal experiment with which to gain experience in quantitative fluorimetry. It can be employed particularly for the determination of the amount of quinine in samples of tonic water. 

To determine the quinine content of tonic water it is first necessary to de-gas the sample either by leaving the bottle open to the atmosphere for a prolonged period or by stirring it vigorously in a beaker for several minutes. Take 12.5 mL of the de-gassed tonic water and make up to 25 mL in a graduated flask with 0.1M sulphuric acid. From this solution prepare other dilutions with 0.05M... 

C12-0004. Tonic water contains 31 ppm by mass of quinine (C20 H24 O2 N2). Calculate the mole fraction of quinine in tonic water. 

C12-0005. Determine the molarity and molality of quinine in the tonic water described in Section Exercise, assuming that the density of tonic water is 1.00 g/mL. 

The dynamic range of the fluorescence experiment is related to a number of factors but it can be orders of magnitude. It is possible, for example, to determine quinine in water from nanomolar to millimolar concentration by direct measurement. Quinine fluorescence is familiar to most people that have noticed the blue glow of quinine tonic water in sunlight. 

The characteristic taste of tonic water is due to the addition of quinine. Quinine is a naturally occurring compound that is also used to treat malaria. The base dissociation constant, Kb, for quinine is 3.3 x 10 . Calculate [OH ] and the pH of a 1.7 x 10 mol/L solution of quinine. 

Low concentrations of quinine in water (about 80 mg/L) have a sharp, bitter taste that some people find attractive. The first known such drink was lemonade, sold in New Orleans in 1843. The best known commercial product, Schweppes Indian Tonic Water, a carbonated, sweetened quinine solution is often used to dilute the juniper flavoured (due to NPs) gin to produce the very popular drink Gin and Tonic. 

Despite being a wonder drug against malaria, quinine in therapeutic doses can cause various side-effects, e.g. nausea, vomiting and cinchonism, and in some patients pulmonary oedema. It may also cause paralysis if accidentally injected into a nerve. An overdose of quinine may have fatal consequences. Non-medicinal uses of quinine include its uses as a flavouring agent in tonic water and bitter lemon. 

M.10 The bitter-tasting compound quinine is a component of tonic water and is used as a protection against malaria. When a sample of mass 0.487 g was burned, 1.321 g of carbon dioxide, 0.325 g of water, and 0.0421 g of nitrogen were produced. The molar mass. of quinine is 324 g-mol-1. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of quinine. 

In addition to reserved descriptions for these products, the 1964 regulations also defined minimum levels for carbohydrates and imposed various compositional constraints. It is perhaps noteworthy that at the time of writing, the only compositional constraint that is legally imposed in the United Kingdom is that for a quinine content (milligrams/litre) to enable a product to be described as Indian Tonic Water . 

Fixed eruptions are eruptions that recur at the same site, often circumoral, with each administration of the drug e.g. phenolphthalein (laxative self-medication), sulphonamides, quinine (in tonic water), tetracycline, barbiturates, naproxen, nifedipine. 

Cinchona species (Rubiaceae) are sources of quinine and quinidine, containing a quinoline nucleus and derived through the extensive elaboration of strictosidine (Fig. 42). The intriguing history of the antimalarial quinine and its role in world politics over the past 350 years are legendary. It is frequently the only antimalarial drug to which patients are not resistant. Its widest use, however, is in the beverage industry in tonic water. Quinidine, an isomer of quinine, is used to treat cardiac arrythmias. 

Thrombocjhopenia is often reported with quinine. It is probably due to hjrpersusceptibility rather than a toxic effect, since even the ingestion of minimal amounts of quinine, such as those present in commercial tonic waters, can cause it. A drug-antibody complex has been... 

The combination of renal insufficiency with cortical necrosis, thrombocjhopenia, intravascular coagulation, and deposition of fibrin was seen in a 63-year-old woman who had drunk tonic water. She had had two previous episodes of acute renal insufficiency also associated with quinine-containing drinks this most certainly reflected a hjrpersensitivity reaction (SEDA-13, 815). 

Tonic water contains quinine as a stomachic tonic. 

Any measurement process can be represented as a series of inicrdomain conversions. l or example, I ig-ure 1-3 illustrates the measurement of the molecular fluorescence intensity of a sample of tonic water containing a trace of quinine and. in a general way, some of the daia-domain conversions that are necessary to arrive at a number related to the intensity. The intensity of the nuorescence is significant in this context because it... 

A bottle of tonic water is to be analyzed for its quinine content by fluorescence spectrometry, with excitation at 350 nm and emission intensity measured at 430 nm. One milliliter of tonic water is diluted to 100 ml with 0.05 M HaS04 its emission Intensity is 8.44 (arbitrary units). A series of quinine standards, in 0.05 M HaSO, is prepared and the emission intensities measured (in parentheses) 100 ppm (293 units), 10.0 ppm (52.3), 1.00 ppm (12.0), 0.100 ppm... 

Using the absorbance data obtained from Experiment 5.5, plot the relationship between the absorbance A and concentration c of toluene at each wavelength chosen. Indicate the useful analytical range for each wavelength. Prepare a standard solution of quinine by dissolving a suitable quantity of quinine in water. Record the UV absorption spectrum of the solution between 500 and 200 nm. Record the absorption spectra of several commercial brands of quinine water (after allowing the bubbling to subside). Which brand contained the most quinine (Tonic water contains quinine.)... 

Some molecules absorb ultraviolet light and immediately emit light at a slightly longer wavelength. This is called fluorescence. For example, quinine (which gives tonic water its bitter taste) is colourless, but upon irradiation with UV light it emits a... 

Quinine is an optical isomer of quinidine. Quinine was once widely used for treatment of malaria and is still occasionally used for chloroquine-resistant cases, but it is now prescribed primarily for the treatment of nocturnal muscle cramps. Quinine is found in tonic water and has been used to cut street herein. It has also been used as an abort facient. 

Isolated reports describe increased anticoagulant effects in two women taking warfarin and a man taking phenprocoumon, which were attributed to the quinine content of tonic water. Limited evidence suggests that quinine does not alter the half-life of phenprocoumon. 

A woman stabilised on warfarin needed a dosage reduction from 6 mg to 4 mg daily when she started to drink 1 to 1.5 litres of tonic water containing quinine each day. Her warfarin requirements rose again when the tonic water was stopped. Another woman needed a warfarin dosage reduction from 4 mg to 2 mg daily when she started to drink over 2 litres of tonic water daily. They were probably taking about 80 to 180 mg of quinine daily. ... 

Not established. The lack of reports relating to the therapeutic use of quinine suggest that no interaction of clinical importance occurs. The isolated cases cited show that very exceptionally decreased anticoagulant requirements and even bleeding can occur when large quantities of tonic water are ingested. However, whether the effect seen was related to the quinine content of this beverage is not established. 

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