Tonicity agents mannitol

Tonicity agents are added to injectable preparations to prevent osmotic shock at the site of injection upon administration, and thereby reduce local irritation. Typical excipients used for tonicity adjustment include saline, glycerin, mannitol, dextrose, and trehalose. Tonicity is a colligative property that depends primarily on the number of dissolved particles in solution. Hence, the amount of tonicity agent to be added depends on the specific formulation. Typically, osmolality of 280 to 320mOsm is considered iso-osmotic. 

Black haw (Viburnum prunifolium) bark extract tonic, vomiting treatment Phosphoric acid tonicity agent, pharmaceuticals Glucose D-Clucose monohydrate D-Mannitol ... 

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