Tonics Substance

Before the identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), it was known that when blood is allowed to clot, a vasoconstrictor (tonic) substance is released from the clot into the serum. This substance was called serotonin. Independent studies established the existence of a smooth muscle stimulant in intestinal mucosa. This was called enteramine. The synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine in 1951 permitted the identification of serotonin and enteramine as the same metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptophan. 

Tonic Substance taken to strengthen the body or a particular system of the body, generally in the treatment of chronic disease. Loosely, a tonic "tones" whatever system it affects. 

Isotonicity of eye drops is obtained by adding boric acid, borax or a combination thereof. If their use is not possible due to chemical incompatibilities, sodium chloride solution can be employed. Other tonicity substances are mentioned in Table 10.9. 

Microemulsions, temporary emulsions, that is, two-layer haH dressHigs, and clear solutions of nonvolatile lubricants are on the market. HaH tonics, usually hydro-alcohoHc, achieve similar effects by including Hpid substances or synthetic em ollients, such as the mono butyl ethers of polypropylene oxides [9003-13-8] (10—50 mol). The primary benefits of these Hpid-based products are lubrication and improvements Hi haH gloss and hair-hoi ding (dressHig)... 

Acids and bases are extremely common substances, as are their reactions with each other. At the macroscopic level, acids taste sour (that is, lemon juice) and react with bases to yield salts. Bases taste bitter (that is, tonic water) and react with acids to form salts. 

The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the involuntary regulation of cardiac activity, vascular tonicity, functional activity of smooth muscle, and glands by releasing endogenic adrenergic substances, cateeholines, from peripheral nerve endings into the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). 

Tonic. An ambiguous term referring to a substance thought to have overall positive medicinal effect of an unspecified nature. Tonsil. A small, rounded mass of tissue, especially of lymphoid tissue. 

The liquid is now acidified with dilute sulphuric acid the hydrocyanic acid is driven off by boiling in a fume chamber (caution ) and the sulphuric acid exactly precipitated with strong baryta-water. After boiling with animal charcoal, the solution is filtered and evaporated to a syrup on a water bath. On long standing, the lactone of oc-d-glucohep-tonic acid separates in crystals. These are macerated with a little 80% alcohol, and filtered at the pump. The substance is then dissolved in 3 times its weight of water, and treated with animal charcoal in the warm. The filtrate is concentrated and set aside to crystallise. 

Lithium became a popular medicinal substance under the influence of the uric acid hypothesis. Proprietary medicines, tonics and fashionable mineral spas were advertised as containing lithium and other recommended antidotes to uric acid. Lithium was even put into beer and the drink 7 UP started life as a lithium drink (Healy 2002) (see Illustration 11.1). 

With the PTZ procedure, pro- or anti-convulsant activity is indicated both by the frequency of the convulsant events (clonic convulsions, tonic convulsions, deaths) and by their latency of occurrence. Latency is the measure which most clearly identifies pro-convulsant activity, whereas frequency is the measure most useful for detecting anticonvulsant activity. A statistical problem arises when the test substance completely blocks convulsions in some of the animals. 

Heterogeneous HIV Homogeneous Two materials not in the same physical state. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. Two or more substances in the same state, e.g. gin and tonic or whiskey and soda ... 

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