Thymus

The blood-forming elements are, in general, morphologically normal, and, even with marked marrow involvement, peripheral smears do not reflect such changes. 

It should be pointed out that NPC may not be found in the first bone marrow smear obtained from a patient with NPD, and repeated biopsies may be necessary. Furthermore, the finding of foam cells does not establish the diagnosis of NPD since atypical cells, similar to NPC, may be found in lipemia, liver tumors, during treatment with adrenocortical steroids, and occasionally in normal bone marrow. The finding of NPC should always be followed by chemical analyses of involved tissues. 

On gross examination an affected thymus resembles a lymph node in consistency and color (strikingly yellow). Microscopically, the organ is infiltrated by a great number of NPC, and some areas show almost complete replacement of normal tissue by these cells, with the exception of the Hassal bodies and residuals of surrounding lymphoid cells. 

In contrast to the organs which have been described so far the kidneys are usually smaller than normal, as could be shown in nine out often autopsies reported by Crocker and Farber (1958). On gross examination, three out of six cases examined by Pick (1928) showed a fatty, light-yellow renal cortex . Histologic findings 

Other non-specific abnormalities in three out of ten cases of Crocker and Parker (1958) included swelling and dilation of tubular cells and basal membrane thickening of glomeruli. In spite of such changes, evidence of significant functional impairment was not found. The intravenous pyelograms which were performed were normal. 

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Hippel, P.H. von, Wang, K.-Y. Dynamic aspects of native DNA structure kinetics of the formaldehyde reaction with calf thymus DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 61 (1971) 587-613... 

RU Code(Stmcture number) Unsaturation R Thymus GR PR RBA ThymocytesIC Q... 

Small intestinal mucosV placenta, liver, skin, kidney, thymus, eosinophil, neutrophi... 

Table 58. Differences Between Headspace Constituents of Living and Picked Thymus vulg aris a Commercial Oil ...

Reconstitution of T-ceU deficiencies with thymic hormones has not been successhil even though the various hormone preparations induce prothymocyte differentiation and functions of mature T-ceUs. They do not regulate the maturation of thymocytes in the thymus. In contrast, IL-2, endotoxin, thymic epithehal cell products, but not interleukin 1, were found to promote functional maturation of immature thymocytes. Two classes of dmgs show thymomimetic actions (Table 2). Levamisole [14769-73-4], sodium salt of diethyl dithiocarbamate (imuthiol) and certain... 

The decline in immune function may pardy depend on a deficiency of coenzyme Q, a group of closely related quinone compounds (ubiquinones) that participate in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (49). Concentrations of coenzyme Q (specifically coenzyme Q q) appear to decline with age in several organs, most notably the thymus. 

One vitamin E analogue, TROLOX, inhibits radiation-induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes (26). Chicks given vitamin E prior to exposure to a sublethal dose (2.25 Gy (225 rad)) of y-radiation demonstrate a more rapid recovery from damage to the thymus (100). 

Administration of dipyridamole-AMP to mice 5—25 min after 1 Gy (100 rad) of TBI y-kradiation is also protective, as indicated by plasma thymidine levels and the amount of saline soluble polynucleotides in the thymus (112). Adding dipyridamole-AMP to in vitro kradiated suspensions of thymocytes enhances the rejoining of DNA strand breaks (112). These post-kradiation effects ate presumably mediated by the activation of extraceUulat adenosine receptors. 

The incorporation of acyclovir triphosphate into calf thymus DNA primer template has been shown to be much more rapid and extensive with HSV-1 DNA polymerase than with vero cell DNA polymerase a. This incorporation of acyclovir ceased after 15 min since the template is chain terminated by the acyclovir incorporation, as there is no 3 -hydroxyl group on which to continue elongation. The viral DNA polymerase is also inactivated by tight binding to the terminated template. 

Thymine was isolated from hydrolyzates of bovine thymus or spleen in 1893, several years before uracil, but it was not made synthetically until 1901. Unlike uracil, it comes not from ribonucleic but from deoxyribonucleic acids via thymidine (3-D-2 -deoxyribofuranosidothymine). 

Cytosine was isolated from hydrolysis of calf thymus in 1894 and by 1903 its structure was known and it had been synthesized from 2-ethylthiopyrimidin-4(3H)-one. The acid hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid gives nucleotides, among which are two cytidylic acids, 2 -and 3 -phosphates of cytidine further hydrolysis gives cytidine itself, i.e. the 1-/3-D-ribofuranoside of cytosine, and thence cytosine. The deoxyribonucleic acids likewise yield deoxyribonucleotides, including cytosine deoxyribose-5 -phosphate, from which the phosphate may be removed to give cytosine deoxyriboside and thence cytosine. 

Methylcytosine (964 X = O) was synthesized in 1901 and its isolation from hydrolyzates of tubercule bacilli was reported in 1925. However, this was later shown to be incorrect and only about 1950 was it isolated by hydrolysis of the deoxyribonucleotide fractions from thymus, wheat germ and other sources (50MI21302). Nucleotides and a nucleoside of 5-methylcytosine are known. 

In this work, simple (single-use) biosensors with a layer double stranded (ds) calf thymus DNA attached to the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode assembly have been prepared. The sensor efficiency was significantly improved using nanostructured films like carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite and montmorillonite in the polyvinylalcohol matrix. 

Thymus ciliatus Desf. is a wild growing plant spread in northeastern Algeria. Although the ehemieal eomposition of the volatile oils from several Thymus speeies is well studied, to our best knowledge no researeh has so far been eondueted on this Algerian thyme. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) zero 0.0005 Skin changes thymus gland problems immune deficiencies reproductive or nervous system difficulties increased risk of cancer Runoff from landfils discharge of waste chemicals... 

Thymus ALuticJnmi, the so-called Spanish wuod marjoram, yields an oil of thyme which has been examined recently hy Dorrousoro,- It ban a bright vnllow colour, turning darker with age, and a camphoracc-... 

Bries, n. thymus, -eldrilse, /. thymus gland, briet, pret. (of braten) roasted, etc. 

In addition to antibodies, the immune system also consists of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes, or B cells, and T cells that come from the thymus gland, both of which (indirectly) produce antibodies. These cells, in turn, may be helped by helper cells (= H) and suppressed by suppressor cells (= S). Helper cells may be alarmed as to the presence of antigens by macrophages (= M) that eat the antigens and leave parts of their meal on their cell surface. 

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