Renal cortex

Studies show that the main sites of uranium deposition ate the renal cortex and the Hvet (8). Uranium is also stored in bones deposition in soft tissues is almost negligible. Utanium(VI) is deposited mostly in the kidneys and eliminated with the urine whereas, tetravalent uranium is preferentially deposited in the Hvet and eliminated in the feces. The elimination of uranium absorbed into the blood occurs via the kidneys in urine, and most, - 84%, of it is cleared within 4 to 24 hours (8). 

While the osmotic concentration of renal cortical tissue is isotonic, interstitial solute concentration begins to rise at the border between renal cortex and renal medulla to... 

Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins from their arachidonic acid precursor. Two COX isoforms have been identified, COX-1 and COX-2. While COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, COX-2 is typically only found after induction by proinflammatory stimuli. However, a constitutively expressed and highly regulated COX-2 is found in the kidney, both in the renal medulla and in the renal cortex. Renal cortical COX-2 is located in the area ofthe juxtaglomerular apparatus, and prostaglandins formed by COX-2 regulate the expression and secretion of renin in response to a reduction in NaCl concentration at the macula densa. 

Other inverting glucosidases which conform to the pattern of direct hydrolysis of glycosyl fluorides having the correct anomeric configuration, and transglycosylation with inversion if the anomeric configuration is opposite to that of the natural substrates are trehalase from rabbit renal cortex and from the yeast Candida tropicalis, and ) -D-xylosidase from Bacillus pu-milis. ... 

Buhl, M.R. and Jorgensen, S. (1975). Breakdown of 5 -adenine nucleotides in ischaemic renal cortex estimated by oxypurine excretion during perfusion. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 35, 211-217. 

The kidneys lie outside the peritoneal cavity in the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column, slightly above the waistline. In the adult human, each kidney is approximately 11 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick. These organs are divided into two regions the inner renal medulla and the outer renal cortex. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (see Figure 19.1 and Figure 19.2). Approximately 1 million nephrons are in each kidney. The nephron has two components ... 

Magagnin, S., et al. Expression cloning of human and rat renal cortex Na/Pi cotransport. Proc. Natl. Acad. 

Gudmundsdottir H, Haraldsdottir F, Baldursdottir A, et al. Protein expression within the human renal cortex and renal cell carcinoma the implication of cold ischemia. Cell Preserv. Technol. 2007 5 85-92. 

Many tissues (muscle, liver, renal cortex) prefer fat for an energy supply, at least in the resting state. The exception is red blood cells and brain. These tissues depend heavily on glycolysis for energy. Red cells cannot survive without glucose (no mitochondria), but during prolonged starvation, brain can adapt to utilize fat metabolites produced by the liver (ketone bodies). 

Significant renal tubular dysfunction >100-200 mg/kg FW renal cortex >400-800 mg/kg DW 2, 3... 

In mammals, cadmium inhibits copper absorption across the intestinal mucosa (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). Intercorrelations of copper with cadmium and zinc in livers of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are probably mediated by metallothioneins, which may contain all three metals (Braune etal. 1991). In rats, copper protects against nephrotoxicity induced by cadmium, provided that copper is administered 24 h prior to cadmium insult. Specifically, rats given 12.5 mg Cu/kg BW by way of subcutaneous injection 24 h before receiving 0.4 mg Cd/kg BW — when compared to a group receiving Cd alone — did not have excessive calcium in urine and renal cortex or excessive protein in urine. Thus, 2.8 mg Cu/kg BW protects against 0.25 mg Cd/kg BW (Liu et al. 1992). 

Approximately 50% of patients with meningococcal meningitis have purpuric lesions, petechiae, or both. Patients may have an obvious or subclini-cal picture of disseminated intravascular coagulation, which may progress to infarction of the adrenal glands and renal cortex and cause widespread thrombosis. 

The dominant mercury pool in the body is the kidney [23, 31]. The kidneys contained over 85% of the body burden of mercury 15 days or more after a single injection of mercuric chloride into rats [32]. Maximum levels in the rat kidney were attained in less than a day after doses of mercuric chloride [33], The renal cortex contained the highest levels [34-36], the maximum concentrations being found in the proximal tubular system, while mercury was close to background levels in the glomeruli and collecting ducts. 

Specialized cells, called the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), within the renal cortex are able to detect a fall in blood pressure and respond by secreting a proteolytic enzyme called renin (not to be confused with rennin). The substrate for renin, a liver-derived peptide called angiotensinogen, circulates in the plasma. Renin removes two amino acids from the N-terminal to produce angiotensin I, which is itself a substrate for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE removes two more amino acids to produce angiotensin II. 

Oxidized in cardiac skeletal muscle, renal cortex, and brain (prolonged fast)... 

High concentrations of radioactivity were observed in body fat and livers of rats, mice, and squirrel monkeys given oral doses of 60 mg/kg " C-labeled chloroform (Brown et al. 1974a). The maximum levels of radioactivity in the blood appeared within 1 hour and were 3 pg equivalents chloroform/mL for mice and 10 pg equivalents chloroform/mL for monkeys, which represented -0.35 and 1%, respectively, of the total radioactivity. In monkeys, bile concentrations peaked within 6 hours. The distribution of radioactively labeled chloroform was studied in three strains of mice (Taylor et al. 1974). No strain-related differences were observed however, higher levels of radioactivity were found in the renal cortex of males and in the liver of females. The renal binding of radioactive metabolites may have been altered by variations in the testosterone levels as a result of hormonal pretreatment in females or castration in males. Sex-linked differences in chloroform distribution were not observed in rats or monkeys (Brown et al. 1974a). Chloroform accumulates in the adipose tissue of rats after oral exposure of intermediate duration (Pfaffenberger et al. 1980). 

Metabolic pathways of chloroform biotransformation are shown in Figure 2-3. Metabolism studies indicated that chloroform was, in part, exhaled from the lungs or was converted by oxidative dehydrochlorination of its carbon-hydrogen bond to form phosgene (Pohl et al. 1981 Stevens and Anders 1981). This reaction was mediated by cytochrome P-450 and was observed in the liver and kidneys (Ade et al. 1994 Branchfiower et al. 1984 Smith et al. 1984). In renal cortex microsomes of... 

A sex-related difference in chloroform metabolism was observed in mice (Taylor et al. 1974). Chloroform accumulated and metabolized in the renal cortex of males to a greater extent than in females, while liver chloroform concentrations were greater in females than in males the results may have been influenced by testosterone levels. This effect was not observed in any other species and may explain why male mice were more susceptible to the lethal and renal effects of chloroform than were females (Deringer et al. 

Figure 4. Accumulation of iron-labeled MSC in the renal cortex. Animals were anesthetized and coronal T 2-weighted gradient echo in vivo magnetic resonance images (MRl) were obtained before (A) and immediately (B) or 3 days (C) after injection of magnetically labeled (iron-dextran) syngeneic mesenchymal stem cells.

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