Screen printed carbon electrode

In this work, simple (single-use) biosensors with a layer double stranded (ds) calf thymus DNA attached to the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode assembly have been prepared. The sensor efficiency was significantly improved using nanostructured films like carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite and montmorillonite in the polyvinylalcohol matrix. 

S. Wring and J. Hart, Chemically modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Analyst 117, 1281-1286 (1992). 

M. Diaz-Gonzalez, M.B. Gonzalez-Garcia, and A. Costa-Garcia, Immunosensor for mycobacterium tuberculosis on screen-printed carbon electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 2035—2043 (2005). 

W.J. Guan, Y. Li, Y.Q. Chen, X.B. Zhang, and G.Q. Hu, Glucose biosensor based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes and screen printed carbon electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21, 508—512 (2005). 

Ghamouss [263] developed a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with both HRP and LOD (SPCE-HRP/LOD) to determine 1-lactate. The sensitivity of the optimized SPCE-HRP/LOD to 1-lactate was 0.84nAL jM 1 in a detection range between 10 and 180 pM. 

F. Ghamouss, S. Ledru, N. Ruille, F. Lantier, and M. Boujtita, Bulk-modified modified screen-printing carbon electrodes with both lactate oxidase (LOD) and horseradish peroxide (HRP) for the determination of 1-lactate in flow injection analysis mode. Anal. Chim. Acta 570, 158-164 (2006). 

A disposable electrochemical enzyme-amplified genosensor was described for specific detection of Salmonella (Del Giallo et al., 2005). A DNA probe specific for Salmonella was immobilized onto screen-printed carbon electrodes and allowed to hybridize with a biotinylated PCR-amplified product of Salmonella. The hybridization reaction was detected using streptavidin conjugated-AP where the enzyme catalyzed the conversion of electroinactive a-naphthyl phosphate to electroactive a-naphthol, which was detected by differential pulse voltammetry. 

Razumiene et al. [36] Lemonade Glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) Screen-printed carbon electrode/+0.4V vs. Ag/ AgCl 4-Ferrocenylphenol (FP)... 

Turkusic et al. [40] Beer Glucose oxidase/mixed with Mn02-carbon paste Screen-printed carbon electrode/0.48V vs. Ag/ AgCl Mn02... 

Boujtita et al. [11] Beer Alcohol oxidase (AOx) Screen-printed carbon electrode doped with 5% cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC-SPCE), and coated with AOx a perm-selective membrane on the surface acts as a barrier to interferents/+400mV vs. Ag/AgCl Cobalt phthalocyanine... 

J. Razumiene, V. Gureviciene, V. Laurinavicius and J.V. Grazulevicius, Amperometric detection of glucose and ethanol in beverages using flow cell and immobilised on screen-printed carbon electrode PQQ-dependent... 

A typical approach is to utilise a substrate which when hydrolysed by the enzyme gives rise to a product which can be easily detected elect-rochemically. Thiocholine can be easily detected using screen-printed carbon electrodes doped with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC) [18,19], which acts as an electrocatalyst for the oxidation of thiocholine at a lowered working potential of approximately +100 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) [18,19], thereby minimising interference from other electroactive compounds ... 

A wide variety of methods exist for the immobilisation of enzymes on a sensor surface. Screen-printed carbon electrodes are often the favourite base for these sensors due to their inexpensiveness and ease of mass production. Methods used for the construction of AChE-containing electrodes include simple adsorption from solution [22], entrapment within a photo-crosslinkable polymer [20,23], adsorption from solution onto microporous carbon and incorporation into a hydroxyethyl cellulose membrane [24], binding to a carbon electrode via Concanavalin A affinity [25,26] and entrapment within conducting electrodeposited polymers [27]. 

A series of multielectrode sensors were developed based on Drosophila mutant AChE immobilised via photocrosslinking onto screen-printed carbon electrodes [8]. Four different mutant and wild-type AChE were evaluated for their sensitivity to the organophosphate paraoxon and the carbamate pesticide carbofuran. The response of the electrodes in thiocholine before and following a 15-min exposure to solutions of the pesticides was compared. The data was then processed using a feed-forward neural network generated with NEMO 1.15.02 as previously described [8,9]. Networks with the smallest errors were selected and further refined. This approach together with varying the AChE led to the construction of a sensor with capability to analyse the binary pesticide mixtures. 

Some recent glucose biosensor systems utilising i screen-printed carbon electrodes ... 

All potentials vs. screen-printed Ag/AgCl pseudo-reference, except values marked with asterisk ( ), which are vs. Ag/3M AgCl double-junction reference electrode, and values marked with dagger CfO, which are vs. saturated calomel. Abbreviations CoPC cobalt phthalocyanine, SPCE screen-printed carbon electrode, GOD glucose oxidase, MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotubes, NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, PQQ pyrroloquinoline quinone, FIA flow injection analysis. 

M.A.T. Gilmartin, R.J. Ewen, J.P. Hart and C.L. Honeybourne, Volt-ammetric and photoelectron spectral elucidation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen-peroxide at screen-printed carbon electrodes chemically-modified with cobalt phthalocyanine, Electroanalysis, 7 (1995) 547-555. 

A.S. Kumar and J.M. Zen, Electrochemical investigation of glucose sensor fabricated at copper-plated screen-printed carbon electrodes, Electroanalysis, 14 (2002) 671-678. 

Z. Gao, F. Xie, M. Shariff, M. Arshad and J.Y. Ying, A disposable glucose biosensor based on diffusional mediator dispersed in nanoparticulate membrane on screen-printed carbon electrode, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 111-112 (2005) 339-346. 

J. Razumiene, V. Gureviien, A. Vilkanauskyt, L. Marcinkeviien, I. Bach-matova, R. Mekys and V. Laurinaviius, Improvement of screen-printed carbon electrodes by modification with ferrocene derivative, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 95 (2003) 378-383. 

J. Lin, D.M. Zhou, S.B. Hocevar, E.T. McAdams, B. Ogorevc and X.J. Zhang, Nickel hexacyanoferrate modified screen-printed carbon electrode for sensitive detection of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Front. Biosci., 10 (2005) 483-491. 

Q. Gao, Y. Ma, Z.L. Cheng, W.D. Wang and M.R. Yang, Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay based on the use of an immuno-electrode strip integrate immunosorbent layer and a screen-printed carbon electrode, Anal. Chim. Acta, 488 (2003) 61-70. 

H. Yu, F. Yan, Z. Dai and H.X. Ju, A disposable amperometric immunosensor for alpha-1-fetoprotein based on enzyme-labeled antibody/chito-san-membrane-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes, Anal. Biochem., 331 (2004) 98-105. 

T. M. O Regan, M. Pravda, C.K. O Sullivan and G.G. Guilbault, Development of a disposable immunosensor for the detection of human heart fatty-acid binding protein in human whole blood using screen-printed carbon electrodes, Talanta, 57 (2002) 501-510. 

R.M. Pemberton, J.P. Hart and T.T. Mottram, An assay for the enzyme lV-acetyl-/ -n-glucosaminidase (NAGase) based on electrochemical detection using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), Analyst, 126 (2001) 1866-1871. 

Y. Ye and H. Ju, Rapid detection of ssDNA and RNA using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode, Biosens. Bioelectron., 21 (2005) 735-741. 

Y. Shih, J.-M. Zen and H.-H. Yang, Determination of codeine in urine and drug formulations using a clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 29 (2002) 827-833. 

R.M. Pemberton and J.P. Hart, Electrochemical behaviour of triclosan at a screen-printed carbon electrode and its voltammetric determination in toothpaste and mouthrinse products, Anal. Chim. Acta, 390 (1999) 107-115. 

E.A. Cummings, S. Linquette-Mailley, P. Mailley, S. Cosnier, B.R. Eg-gins and E.T. McAdams, A comparison of amperometric screen-printed, carbon electrodes and their application to the analysis of phenolic compounds present in beers, Talanta, 55 (2001) 1015-1027. 

K.C. Honeychurch, J.P. Hart and N. Kirsch, Voltammetric, chromatographic and mass spectral elucidation of the redox reactions of 1-hydro-xypyrene occurring at a screen-printed carbon electrode, Electrochim. Acta, 49 (2004) 1141-1149. 

N. Kirsch, K.C. Honeychurch, J.P. Hart and M.J. Whitcombe, Voltammetric determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene using molecularly imprinted polymer-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes, Electroanalysis, 17 (2005) 571-578. 

J.P. Hart and I.C. Hartley, Voltammetric and amperometric studies of thiocholine at a screen-printed carbon electrode chemically modified with cobalt phthalocyanine studies towards a pesticide sensor, Analyst, 119 (1994) 259-263. 

E. Suprun, G. Evtugyn, H. Budnikov, F. Ricci, D. Moscone and G. Pell-eschi, Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with Prussian blue, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 383 (2005) 597-604. 

K.C. Honeychurch, J.P. Hart, P.R.J. Pritchard, S.J. Hawkins and N.M. Ratcliffe, Development of an electrochemical assay for 2,6-dinitrotolu-ene, based on a screen-printed carbon electrode, and its potential application in bioanalysis, occupational and public health, Biosens. Bioelectron., 19 (2003) 305-312. 

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