Fire propagation

The q values are low for fuels with saturated lower molecular weight and oxygenated chemical structures such as methane, methanol, and poly-oxymethylene. These fuels bum with weakly sooty and close to nonlumi-nous flames. 

The q l values are low for fuels vaporizing as low-molecular-weight monomers, such as the liquids compared to the fuels vaporizing as higher molecular weight monomers and oligomers, as can be noted by the differences in the q l values of liquids and polymers in Table 11.18. 

Fire propagation rate is the velocity at which the ignition front travels over the surface. 

30 m (1 ft). The ignition source is a 60-kW, about 0.30-m wide, 0.61-m long, and 0.30-m high propane sand burner. The tip of the flame from the burner reaches a height of about 0.91 m (3 ft). Marks on the scale are in feet. 

The common measurements that are made in the standard flammabUity tests for fire propagation are  

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Removal of one of the eorners of the fire triangle normally results in extinguishment of a fire. Propagation of a flame ean also be stopped by inhibition of the ehain reaetions, e.g. using dry powders or organo-halogen vaporizing liquids. 

Calculate fire propagation considering the effects of detection and suppression. 

Even, limited PSAs use and contain much information. This information may come as memos and process reports and flow sheets, equipment layout, system descriptions, toxic inventory, hazardous chemical reactions, test, maintenance and operating descriptions. From this, data and analyses are prepared regarding release quantities, doses, equipment reliability, probability of exposure, and the risk to workers, public, and environment. An executive summary analysis is detailed, and recommendations made for risk reduction. Thus the information will be text, calculations of envelope fracture stresses, temperatures, fire propagation, air dispersion, doses, and failure probabilities - primarily in tabular form. 

During flash-fire propagation, the cloud s location is assumed to be stationary, and its composition fixed and homogeneous. 

In the study, five FRC samples, about 3 to 5 mm in thickness, were examined. The results from the study show that FRC materials have high resistance to ignition, high heat of gasification and high resistance to self-sustained fire propagation. These results suggest that a composite combat vehicle, by virtue of its construction, does not present an unusual fire hazard. 

For the assessment of resistance to heat exposure and generation of hazardous environments by FRC materials, the following processes need to be examined 1) ignition, 2) fire propagation, 3) generation... 

Techniques have been developed for the quantification of fire propagation using FMRC s Small-Scale Flammability Apparatus (A,6) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Flame Spread Apparatus (j J ). In this study, the FMRC technique was used. Oxygen Index and its dependency on temperature was used by AMTL to examine the fire propagation behavior of small samples of FRC materials (J 2). 

Fire Propagation. It has been shown that the fire propagation behavior can be quantified using a Fire Propagation Index (FPI)... 

For small samples, the Oxygen Index (01) is used to characterize fire propagation behavior (25). 01 is defined as the minimum concen-... 

For the quantification of fire propagation behavior of the FRC materials, 0.10 m wide and 0.61 m long vertical sheets with thickness varying from 3 mm to 5 mm were used. The bottom 0.15 m of the sheet was exposed to 50 kW/m2 of external heat flux in the presence of a 0.01 m long pilot flame to initiate fire propagation. For the simulation of large-scale flame radiation, experiments were performed in k0% oxygen concentration. 

Table V. Peak Fire Propagation Index Values for Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials...

Tewarson, A., and Khan, M.M., "Electrical Cables - Evaluation of Fire Propagation Behavior and Development of a Small-Scale Test Protocol," 1989, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Norwood,... 

Table 7 Average yields of products and heat of combustion for polymers from parts of a minivan from the data measured in the ASTM E 2058 fire propagation apparatus0...

Vertical Tray Fire Propagation and Smoke Release Test for Electrical and Optical Fiber... 

The time to ignition as a function of incident radiant heat flux can also be measured in the ISO ignit-ability test apparatus. This apparatus and its use are described in ISO 5657. Bench-scale heat release calorimeters such as the Cone Calorimeter (Section 14.3.3.2.1) and the Fire Propagation Apparatus (Section 14.3.3.2.3) can also be used to obtain this kind of data. 

ASTM E 2058 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic Polymer Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus. Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 04.07, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 

Tewarson A. Flammability parameters of materials—ignition combustion, and fire propagation. J. Fire Sci. 1994 12 329-356. 

The range of toxicity test methods is bound to produce different fire conditions, and hence different toxic product yields. Four test methods (NBS Smoke Chamber, NF X 70-100, Fire Propagation Apparatus [FPA], and SSTF) have been compared, primarily from published data64 66 using the carbon monoxide yields and hydrocarbon yields (not recorded in the NFX tests), which are both fairly good indicators of fire condition, for four materials (LDPE, PS, PVC, and Nylon 6.6), at two fire conditions, well-ventilated and under-ventilated. The CO and hydrocarbon yields are shown in Figures 17.9 and 17.10. 

FIGURE 17.8 Fire propagation apparatus. (From Hull, T.R. and Paul, K.T., Fire Saf. 42, 357, 2007. With permission.)... 

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