Operations phase

The main justification for diesel fuel desulfurization is related to particulate emissions which are subject to very strict rules. Part of the sulfur is transformed first into SO3, then into hydrated sulfuric acid on the filter designed to collect the particulates. Figure 5.21 gives an estimate of the variation of the particulate weights as a function of sulfur content of diesel fuel for heavy vehicles. The effect is greater when the test cycle contains more high temperature operating phases which favor the transformation of SO2 to SO3. This is particularly noticeable in the standard cycle used in Europe (ECE R49). 

Defines what operations, phases, etc are required and in what order they should be performed to produce a general class of product... 

Operating phases for each main-plant item... 

The major categoiy—operating procedures—can be broken into subcategories by operating phase. Continuous process tolls will have four basic types of subcategories each representing one phase of operation ... 

Within each subcategoiy are any specially designated tempo-raiy procedures required for equipment operating in one of the four operating phases. These procedures are typically short lived due to a terminating condition or expiration date. They describe special tests or temporaiy changes in operating steps. These tempo-raiy procedures can be archived when they are not active. 

Specific titles within each of the operating phases can be determined using a job task analysis in concert with the technology package and process safety information. Appendix D, ISD Model and Job Task Analysis Techniques, provides basic guidance in this useful method. 

An example of procedures found by performing a job task analysis would be rework procedures. Occasionally, out of specification product is produced which can be reworked in the process. This subcategoiy of normal operations phase procedures may require special consideration. While rework can be a straightforward operation, it could have safety consequences if done improperly. 

The prime function of the foundations, relative to equipment reliability, is to hold the compressor train in alignment during all operating phases for... 

The basie database for the eontrol of environmental pollution is a pollution inventory, viz. a tabulation of emissions, diseharges and wastes from the faetory or aetivity eovering all operating phases. This ineludes ... 

Phases I and II have eovered planning and undertaking a P2 audit, resulting in the preparation of a material balance for each unit operation. Phase III represents the interpretation of the material balance, to identify process areas or components of concern. 

We previously encountered failure modes and effects (FMEA) and failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) as qualitative methods for accident analysis. These tabular methods for reliability analysis may be made quantitative by associating failure rates with the parts in a systems model to estimate the system reliability. FMEA/FMECA may be applied in design or operational phases (ANSI/IEEE Std 352-1975, MIL-STD-1543 and MIL-STD-1629A). Typical headings in the F.Mld. A identify the system and component under analysis, failure modes, the ef fect i>f failure, an estimale of how critical apart is, the estimated probability of the failure, mitigaturs and IHissihiy die support systems. The style and contents of a FMEA are flexible and depend upon the. ilitcLiives of the analyst. 

How do the operating procedures provide ciear instruction for safety conducting activities in each process How are they kept up-to-date and accurate What operating phases do they address ... 

An owner/operator wishing to operate a new hazardous waste BIF is required to obtain an RCRA permit before beginning construction of the unit. The purpose of this permit is to allow the new BIF to establish operating conditions that will ensure adequate protection of human health and the environment. The BIF permit process consists of four operational phases pretrial burn, trial burn, posttrial burn, and final operating conditions. 

The number of Sis, present in today s chemical process industry is overwhelming as discussed by Tixier (Tixier et al., 2002). These indicators are categorized in several ways in literature, for example pro-active versus reactive indicators. Many of these categories are not unambiguous. Some authors, like Kletz (Kletz, 1998) define proactive as prior to the operational phase of an installation while other authors, like Rasmussen et al. (Rasmussen et al., 2000), define pro-active as prior to an accident. In this thesis two categories of indicators are used, i.e. pro-active and reactive indicators. Here the definition of Rasmussen (Rasmussen et al., 2000) is adopted, who defined pro-active indicators as indicators before an accident and reactive indicators as indicators after an accident. Moreover, the pro-active indicators are divided into predictive and monitoring indicators. The monitoring indicators use actual events as a measure for the likelihood, while the predictive indicators predict the likelihood. 

The design assessments and basis of safety must be recorded and available for consultation, and the process must be operated as required. The operating phase involves two sets of process documentation—the detailed technical documentation, and safe operating instructions (HSE 2000) for every operational phase, including startup, shutdown, maintenance and emergency operations. 

Breakdown of the control of the ahnormal operating phase. An example is the distributive control system (DCS) not compensating properly in Figure 3-1. Another example is the operator not detecting the deviation in Figure 3-1. 

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