Swallow

A small amount of acrolein may be fatal if swallowed. It produces bums of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach. Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include severe pain in the mouth, throat, chest, and abdomen nausea vomiting, which may contain blood diarrhea weakness and dizziness and coUapse and coma (99). 

Swallowing acryhc monomers may produce severe irritation of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach, and cause discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and possible coUapse. 

Jiftertaste. The experience that, under certain conditions, foUows removal of the taste stimulus it may be continuous with the primary experience or may foUow as a different quaUty after a period during which swallowing, saUva, dilution, and other influences may have affected the stimulus substance. 

The result of the persistence of a flavor note, particularly after swallowing. 

Hydrogen chloride in air can also be a phytotoxicant (88). Tomatoes, sugar beets, and fmit trees of the Pmnus family are sensitive to HCl in air. Exposure of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the skin can cause chemical bums or dermatitis. Whereas the irritation is noticed readily, the acid can be water flushed from the exposed area. Copious use of miming water is the only recommended safety procedure for any external exposure. Ingestion is seldom a problem because hydrochloric acid is a normal constituent of the stomach juices. If significant quantities are accidentally swallowed, it can be neutrali2ed by antacids. 

Sahcylaldehyde has a moderate acute oral toxicity the LD q for rats is 0.3-2.0 g/kg of body weight. Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a low acute oral toxicity the LD q for rats is 4.0 g/kg of body weight. Neither material is likely to present a problem from ingestion incidental to its handling and industrial use. It should be recognized, however, that serious effects may result if substantial amounts are swallowed. 

Iodine can affect the body if inhaled, if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin, or if it is swallowed. It may enter the body through the skin. Iodine vapor is a severe irritant of the eyes, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, to the skin. Swallowing iodine may cause burning in the mouth, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Short contact of iodine with the skin may produce a severe irritation of the skin and coloration similar to that obtained when tincture of iodine is appHed to a wound. Prolonged contact can be harmful and may cause bums. 

As an emergency treatment, the washing of the contaminated body parts with a 5% thiosulfate solution is recommended. If swallowed, gastric lavage with 5% solution of thiosulfate, followed by saline catharsis should be accompHshed. If pulmonary signs are severe, oxygen should be suppHed with intermittent positive-pressure breathing apparatus. 

Formulation. Compressed tablet formulations contain several types of inert, adjuvant ingredients necessary for proper preparation and therapeutic performance. Tablets designed to be swallowed need diluent, disintegrating, binding (adhesive), and lubricating inert ingredients, whereas... 

Toxicity. Lethality is the primary ha2ard of phosphine exposure. Phosphine may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. AH phosphine-related effects seen at sublethal inhalation exposure concentrations are relatively small and completely reversible. The symptoms of sublethal phosphine inhalation exposure include headache, weakness, fatigue, di22iness, and tightness of the chest. Convulsions may be observed prior to death in response to high levels of phosphine inhalation. Some data are given in Table 2. 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

Oral Toxicity. Alkan olamines generally have low acute oral toxicity, but swallowing substantial quantities could have serious toxic effects, including injury to mouth, throat, and digestive tract. 

Concentrated monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine can cause severe local irritation or even bums to the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. If monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine are swallowed, large volumes of milk or water should be administered immediately. If diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, or triisopropanolamine are swallowed, vomiting should be induced after drinking two glasses of water. 

Because of the high vapor pressure of the simple quinones and their penetrating odor, adequate ventilation must be provided in areas where these quinones are handled or stored. Quinone vapor can harm the eyes, and a limit of 0.1 ppm of 1,4-benzoquinone in air has been recommended. Quinone in either sohd or solution form can cause severe local damage to the skin and mucous membranes. Swallowing benzoquinones may be fatal the LD q in rat is 130 mg/kg orally and 0.25 mg/kg intravenously. There is insufficient data concerning quinones and cancer. The higher quinones are less of a problem because of their decreased volatihty (118—120). 

Choline salicylate ((2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium salicylate) is contained in a list of safe and effective compounds (30). Choline salicylate [2016-36-6] (5) is the only liquid salicylate preparation available and is often useful for arthritic patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets. 

The MSDS (46) for thiophosgene describes it as highly toxic, corrosive lachrymator and moisture sensitive compound. It may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. When using this material one should wear the appropriate NIOSH/OSHA-approved respirator, chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and other protective clothing. It should be used only in a chemical fume hood. 

In order to induce a toxic effect, local or systemic, the causative material must first come into contact with an exposed body surface these are the routes of exposure. In normal circumstances, and depending on the nature of the material, the practical routes of exposure are by swallowing, inhalation, and skin and eye contact. In addition, and for therapeutic purposes, it may be necessary to consider intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injections as routes of adininistration. 

Swallowing. If it is sufficiently irritant or caustic, a swallowed material may cause local effects on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Additionally, carcinogenic materials may induce tumor formation in the alimentary tract. Also, the gastrointestinal tract is an important route by which toxic materials are absorbed. The sites of absorption and factors regulating absorption have been reviewed (42,43). 

Fig. 3. Schematic representation showing the anatomical basis for differences in the quantitative supply of absorbed material to the Hver. By swallowing (oral route), the main fraction of the absorbed dose is transported direcdy to the Hver. FoUowing inhalation or dermal exposure, the material passes to the pulmonary circulation and thence to the systemic circulation, from which only a portion passes to the Hver. This discrepancy in the amount of absorbed material passing to the Hver may account for differences in toxicity of a material by inhalation and skin contact, compared with its toxicity by swallowing, if metaboHsm of the material in the Hver is significant in its detoxification or metaboHc activation.

Whipworm (Trichuris trichiurd) adult females are 5 cm long. These worms thread their entire body into the epithelium of the colon, where they feed on tissue juice and small amounts of blood. Infections of several hundred worms may cause irritation and inflammation of the mucosa, with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and gas. Eggs are discharged and passed into the feces. Infections result from the swallowing of eggs that are obtained directly from contaminated soil. Untreated adult worms Hve for years. 

Arsenic compounds must be considered extremely poisonous. Dust or fumes irritate mucous membranes and lead to arsenical poisoning. When swallowed they irritate the stomach and affect the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Nervousness, thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, and coUapse are among the symptoms of arsenical poisoning (3). In spite of the toxicity of arsenic compounds, there is evidence that arsenic is an essential nutrient for several animal species (4). 

Erythrityl is readily absorbed from the GI tract. It undergoes extensive first-pass metaboHsm ia the Hver by glutathione organic nitrate reductase. Time to onset of effect is 5—10 min by subHngual adrninistration and 20—30 min when swallowed. The duration of effects for the two routes ate up to 3 and 6 h, respectively. Adverse effects are similar to those described for nitroglycerin (99). 

Ingestion of chloroform is followed immediately by a severe burning in the mouth and throat, pain in the chest and abdomen, and vomiting. Loss of consciousness and Hver injury may foUow depending on the amount swallowed. The tendency of chloroform to produce Hver injury is significantly augmented in alcohoHcs and persons with nutritional deficiencies. 

In general, chi orohydrin s are relatively toxic irritants. They are harmhil if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. They cause irritation to the eyes, skin, mucous membrane, and upper respiratory tract. 

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