Chemical causes

Copyright also does not extend to facts or news, but only to the particular form of expression of those facts. Eor example, the fact that a particular chemical causes a particular reaction may not be protected by copyright. But the text of an article describing that reaction and describing the experimental... 

Explosive Chemical causing a sudden, almost instantaneous release of... 

Toxicity Data not available Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Vapors are moderately irritating such that personnel will not usually tolerate moderate or high concentrations Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics This chemical is a severe skin irritant. Direct contact with this chemical causes second-and third-degree chemical burns - even short contact, and is very injurious to the eyes Odor Threshold Data not available. 

This level of simplicity is not the usual case in the systems that are of interest to chemical engineers. The complexity we will encounter will be much higher and will involve more detailed issues on the right-hand side of the equations we work with. Instead of a constant or some explicit function of time, the function will be an explicit function of one or more key characterizing variables of the system and implicit in time. The reason for this is that of cause. Time in and of itself is never a physical or chemical cause—it is simply the independent variable. When we need to deal with the analysis of more complex systems the mechanism that causes the change we are modeling becomes all important. Therefore we look for descriptions that will be dependent on the mechanism of change. In fact, we can learn about the mechanism of... 

Hazardous chemicals is a broad categoiy that includes chemicals that may be toxic, flammable, corrosive, explosive, or luirmful to tlie environment. A toxic chemical is one type of a hazardous chemical. Toxic chemicals cause adverse health effects, such as severe illness or deatli, when ingested, inltaled, or absorbed by a lii ing organism. 

In the case of non-metallic materials, the term corrosion invariably refers to their-deterioration from chemical causes, but a similar concept is not necessarily applicable to metals. Many authorities consider that the term metallic corrosion embraces all interactions of a metal or alloy (solid or liquid) with its environment, irrespective of whether this is deliberate and beneficial or adventitious and deleterious. Thus this definition of corrosion, which for convenience will be referred to as the transformation definition. 

The processes are dealt with fully in Chapters 11, 14 and 15. Because many paint systems include an initial surface pretreatment, e.g. chromated aluminium or phosphated steel, BS4479 1990, Part 3 deals with conversion coatings and should be consulted by designers. Whatever the method of treatment, liquids must be able to drain quickly and freely from the surfaces. Crevices where liquids can become entrapped are best avoided. The surface configuration needs to be such that active solutions can be washed away, leaving the surface to be painted completely free from unreacted pretreatment solution. Failure to achieve the requisite level of freedom from the surplus chemicals causes paint failure, e.g. osmotic blistering. 

Room-temperature fluorescence (RTF) has been used to determine the emission characteristics of a wide variety of materials relative to the wavelengths of selected Fraunhofer lines in support of the Fraunhofer luminescence detector remote-sensing instrument. RTF techniques are now used in the compilation of excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) fluorescence "signatures" of materials. The spectral data are collected with a Perkin-Elraer MPF-44B Fluorescence Spectrometer interfaced to an Apple 11+ personal computer. EEM fluorescence data can be displayed as 3-D perspective plots, contour plots, or "color-contour" images. The integrated intensity for selected Fraunhofer lines can also be directly extracted from the EEM data rather than being collected with a separate procedure. Fluorescence, chemical, and mineralogical data will be statistically analyzed to determine the probable physical and/or chemical causes of the fluorescence. 

The data in animals are insufficient to derive an acute inhalation MRL because serious effects were observed at the lowest dose tested (Hoechst 1983a). No acute oral MRL was derived for the same reason. The available toxicokinetic data are not adequate to predict the behavior of endosulfan across routes of exposure. However, the limited toxicity information available does indicate that similar effects are observed (i.e., death, neurotoxicity) in both animals and humans across all routes of exposure, but the concentrations that cause these effects may not be predictable for all routes. Most of the acute effects of endosulfan have been well characterized following exposure via the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes in experimental animals, and additional information on the acute effects of endosulfan does not appear necessary. However, further well conducted developmental studies may clarify whether this chemical causes adverse developmental effects. 

Waste minerals and chemicals Caused by leaching of mineral and chemical waste heaps and landfills. Can cause enormous damage. 

Chemical deactivation. In chemical deactivation the active surface area changes by strong chemisorption of impurities in the feed, by blocking of active sites by heavy products formed in parallel or sequential reactions, etc. The most important chemical causes of deactivation are poisoning by impurities in the feed and deposition of carbonaceous material, usually referred to as coke . 

As discussed above, the specific mechanism governing exposure to a toxic chemical is difficult to characterize, i.e., the causality between an effect (e.g., disease) and the level of the toxic chemical causing the effect is difficult to identify. In this context, investigations into body burdens of toxic chemicals in patients may obtain useful information for examining the correlation between the levels of... 

Szabo S, Reynolds ES, Unger SH. 1982. Structure-activity relations between alkyl nucleophilic chemicals causing duodenal ulcer and adrenocortical necrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223 68-76. 

Boiling an egg causes the transparent and gelatinous albumen ( egg white ) to modify chemically, causing it to become a white, opaque solid. Like all chemical reactions,... 

On June 4, 1999, the inadvertent mixing of two incompatible chemicals caused a toxic gas release at Whitehall Leather Company in Whitehall, Michigan (Figure 7).26 One person was killed, and another was injured. 

Several organisations have lately established electronic databases, recording details of industrial chemical accidents. These should enable the user to learn lfom others mistakes and also establish a fixed version of accidents, which hitherto have changed in the retelling, and the more important have often been retold. The two above are examples of a wider trend. All tend to reflect the pre-occupations of their compilers, which are generally not so much the precise chemical causes of the mishap, but its effects. 

It should be remembered, of course, that ordinary soap and water can provide a very good deterrent to skin irritation and injury. Only the very strong chemicals cause immediate damage to the skin. Frequent and thorough washing can go far to reduce the possibilities of skin damage. 

Senile dementia is another type of mental disease for which physical and chemical causes, aside from aging itself, are known. Cerebral arteriosclerosis is a every common accompaniment, and this is known to decrease the cerebral blood flow and the total metabolism of the brain. 11 This itself is enough to account for the deranged metabolism and the accompanying deranged mental functions. 

Pennsylvania Law Journal. (1992). Cancer suit leveled against lawn service Plaintiff claims chemicals caused deadly foot cancer. Pennsylvania Law Journal 11. 

Chemicals causing certain adverse effects are singled out for special treatment. Those capable of producing excess tumors in any of many possible sites of the body are classified as carcinogens, and not according to the target on which they act (although they may be... 

---