Swallow, tree

Hydrogen chloride in air can also be a phytotoxicant (88). Tomatoes, sugar beets, and fmit trees of the Pmnus family are sensitive to HCl in air. Exposure of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the skin can cause chemical bums or dermatitis. Whereas the irritation is noticed readily, the acid can be water flushed from the exposed area. Copious use of miming water is the only recommended safety procedure for any external exposure. Ingestion is seldom a problem because hydrochloric acid is a normal constituent of the stomach juices. If significant quantities are accidentally swallowed, it can be neutrali2ed by antacids. 

The particle size is the most important factor that contributes to the clearance of particles. For particles deposited in the anterior parts of the nose, wiping and blowing are important mechanisms whereas particles on the other areas of the nose are removed with mucus. The cilia move the mucus toward the glottis where the mucus and the particles are swallowed. In the tracheobronchial area, the mucus covering the tracheobronchial tree is moved upward by the cilia beating under the mucus. This mucociliary escalator transports deposited particles and particle-filled macrophages to the pharynx, where they are also swallowed. Mucociliary clearance is rapid in healthy adults and is complete within one to two days for particles in the lower airways. Infection and inflammation due to irritation or allergic reaction can markedly impair this form of clearance. 

Bishop CA, Boermans HJ, Ng P, et al. 1998. Health of tree swallows Tachycineta Bicolor nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. I. Immunological parameters. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 55 531-559. 

The results for tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in the area of the Upper Hudson River are surprising because the birds were still able to breed with TEQs far above the levels that had severe/fatal effects on other species of birds. However, there... 

Custer, C.M, Custer, T.W., and Rosiu, C.J. et al. (2005). Exposure and effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in tree swallows nesting along the Woonasquatucket River, Rhode Island, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 93-109. 

McCarty, J. and Secord, A.L. (1999). Reproductive ecology of tree swallows with high levels of PCB contamination. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 1433-1439. 

Bishop CA, Koster MD, Chek AA, HusseU DJT, Jock K. 1995a. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 491-501. 

Echols KR, TiUitt DE, Nichols JW, Secord AL, McCarty JP. 2004. Acciunulation of PCB congeners in nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) on the Hudson River, New York. Environ Sci Technol 38 6240-6246. 

Kraus ML. 1989. Bioaccumulation ofheavy metals inpre-fledghng tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43 407-414. 

Louis VL, Barlow JC. 1993. The reproductive success of tree swallows nesting near experimentally acidified lakes in northwestern Ontario. Can J Zool 71 1090-1097. 

Mayne GJ, Bishop CA, Martin PA, Boermans UJ, Hunter B. 2005. Thyroid function in nestling tree swallows and eastern bluebirds exposed to non-persistent pesticides and p, p -DDE in apple orchards of southern Ontario, Canada. Ecotoxicology 14 381-396. 

Nichols JW, Larsen CP, McDonald ME, Niemi GJ, Ankley GT. 1990. Bioenergetics-based model for accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls by nestling tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor. Environ Sci Technol 29 604-612. 

Tree swallow Both (when feasible) Annual... 

Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, nestlings acidified (pH 4.8) ... 

St. Louis, V.L., L. Breebaart, J.C. Barlow, and J.F. Klaverkamp. 1993. Metal accumulation and metallothionein concentrations in tree swallow nestlings near acidified lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 1203-1207. 

Shaw, G.G. 1984. Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in eggs and nestlings of tree swallows, Tachy-cineta bicolor, in central Alberta. Canad. Field-Nat. 98 258-260. 60. 

PCBs can move from local sediments into the avian food web, as judged by PCB accumulation rates of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from contaminated and reference sites (Custer et al. 1998). Patterns of relative concentrations of PCB congeners change from sediment to invertebrates, and from tree swallow eggs to nestlings (Froese et al. 1998). Dioxin-like activity (TEF) measured in tree swallow tissues could predict TEF in sediments and the reverse. Models of dioxin-like activity in the sediments of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, predicted that sediments were not harmful to tree swallows from that area (Froese et al. 1998). 

Custer, C.M., T.W. Custer, P.D. Allen, K.L. Stromborg, and MJ. Melancon. 1998. Reproduction and environmental contamination in tree swallows nesting in the Fox River drainage and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1786-1798. 

Froese, K.L., D.A. Verbrugge, G.T. Ankley, G.J. Niemi, C.P. Larsen, and J.P. Giesy. 1998. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments to aquatic insects and tree swallow eggs and nestlings in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 484 492. 

After weeks of heavy rains, the earth gave way mud and trees down the mountain swallowing cars and houses in their path. 

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