Effect local

At scales smaller than the synoptic scale, topography and differences in the surface cover (e.g., forest, agricultural fields, open water, or urbanized land) influence local winds, precipitation, and temperature. One common example of a local effect due to surface cover is the sea breeze, which occurs because water bodies warm and cool more slowly than the land does. During the day in coastal areas, air over the land warms and rises more rapidly and is replaced by cooler air originating from over the water. The reverse may happen at night, as the land cools to a temperature lower than that of the water body, 

Topography also influences local winds, precipitation, and temperature. For example, valley winds can form as air along a hillside is warmed during the day and thus rises, drawing air up the valley, or as air cools at night and thus flows downhill toward the valley bottom (Fig. 4-22b). In another topographic effect, the windward side of a mountain range often receives extra 

Another local effect, in this case due to surface cover, is the urban heat island. Rapid heating of urban pavements and buildings occurs during the daytime because of the high absorbance of constructed surfaces and the absence of cooling from evapotranspiration. At night, rural areas cool more effectively than urban areas because of the relatively unobstructed exposure of the land surface, in contrast to the impediment to heat radiation presented by tall, closely spaced buildings. As a result, daily minimum and maximum 

For further information on meteorological processes, the reader is referred to Houghton (1985), Oke (1978), Miller and Thompson (1975), Lutgens and Tarbuck (1992), and Hess (1959). 

fog-laden air at a temperature of 65°F from over the Pacific Ocean is deflected up over a 4000-ft coastal mountain. On the inland side of the mountain, the air follows the land contours and descends to a valley 1000 ft above sea level. What is the temperature and humidity of the air in the valley  

The initial contamination rate in the 30-km exclusion zone surrounding the site of the nuclear accident was estimated at 37,000,000 Bq/km (1000 Ci/km ) isotopes included iodine-131, tellurium-127,-132, barium-140, lanlhanum-140, cerium-141, -144, 

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Failure Cause. The failure cause is the physical, chemical, electrical, thermal, or other design deficiency which caused the failure. The agent, physical process, or hardware deficiency causing the failure mode must be identified, ie, what caused the failure for each failure mode. There may be more than one cause. Failure Fffect. The failure effect is the local effect on the immediate component/subsystem and the global effect on system performance/operation. In commercial products, the effect on the customer, ie, the global effect, must be addressed. 

GVD Coatings. As in PVD, the stmcture of the deposited material depends on the temperature and supersaturation, roughly as pictured in Figure 8 (12). In the case of CVD, however, the effective supersaturation, ie, the local effective concentration in the gas phase of the materials to be deposited, relative to its equiUbrium concentration, depends not only on concentration, but on temperature. The reaction is thermally activated. Because the effective supersaturation for thermally activated reactions increases with temperature, the opposing tendencies can lead in some cases to a reversal of the sequence of crystalline forms Hsted in Figure 8, as temperature is increased (12). 

There are hundreds of topical steroid preparations that are available for the treatment of skin diseases. In addition to their aforementioned antiinflammatory effects, topical steroids also exert their effects by vasoconstriction of the capillaries in the superficial dermis and by reduction of cellular mitosis and cell proliferation especially in the basal cell layer of the skin. In addition to the aforementioned systemic side effects, topical steroids can have adverse local effects. Chronic treatment with topical corticosteroids may increase the risk of bacterial and fungal infections. A combination steroid and antibacterial agent can be used to combat this problem. Additional local side effects that can be caused by extended use of topical steroids are epidermal atrophy, acne, glaucoma and cataracts (thus the weakest concentrations should be used in and around the eyes), pigmentation problems, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum (251). 

Swallowing. If it is sufficiently irritant or caustic, a swallowed material may cause local effects on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Additionally, carcinogenic materials may induce tumor formation in the alimentary tract. Also, the gastrointestinal tract is an important route by which toxic materials are absorbed. The sites of absorption and factors regulating absorption have been reviewed (42,43). 

Skin. The skin may become contaminated accidentally or, in some cases, materials may be deHberately appHed. Skin is a principal route of exposure in the industrial environment. Local effects that are produced include acute or chronic inflammation, allergic reactions, and neoplasia. The skin may also act as a significant route for the absorption of systemicaHy toxic materials. Eactors influencing the amount of material absorbed include the site of contamination, integrity of the skin, temperature, formulation of the material, and physicochemical characteristics, including charge, molecular weight, and hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics. Determinants of percutaneous absorption and toxicity have been reviewed (32—35,42,43,46—49). 

The likelihood that materials will produce local effects in the respiratory tract depends on their physical and chemical properties, solubiHty, reactivity with fluid-lining layers of the respiratory tract, reactivity with local tissue components, and (in the case of particulates) the site of deposition. Depending on the nature of the material, and the conditions of the exposure, the types of local response produced include acute inflammation and damage, chronic... 

The effects of dmgs and adjuvants must be assessed, both in short-term administration and during chronic treatment. Local effects include changes in mucocihary clearance, cell damage, and irritation. Chronic erosion of the mucous membrane may lead to inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and deterioration of normal nasal function (76). 

While being very similar in the general description, the RLT and electron-transfer processes differ in the vibration types they involve. In the first case, those are the high-frequency intramolecular modes, while in the second case the major role is played by the continuous spectrum of polarization phonons in condensed 3D media [Dogonadze and Kuznetsov 1975]. The localization effects mentioned in the previous section, connected with the low-frequency part of the phonon spectrum, still do not show up in electron-transfer reactions because of the asymmetry of the potential. 

A MDP-IA DC Power A Bus A131 Low voltage Precludes auto or manual start, no local effect on already running pump Prompt Control room monitors DC bus voltage -many lamps out in control room Effect ot DC ptrsLL loss on AC ri u Evaluated here Uc... 

The highest effectiveness can be achieved with the piston strategy. The contaminant concentration, temperature or humidity, and the local effectiveness are functions of the location and the power of the sources in relation to the supply and exhaust openings. With a homogeneous distribution... 

Use of the term mean-bulk temperature is to define the model from which temperatures are computed. In shock-compression modeling, especially in porous solids, temperatures computed are model dependent and are without definition unless specification of assumptions used in the calculations is given. The term mean-bulk temperature describes a model calculation in which the compressional energy is uniformly distributed throughout the sample without an attempt to specify local effects. In the energy localization case, it is well known that the computed temperatures can vary by an order of magnitude depending on the assumptions used in the calculation. 

Global warming would also be expected to influence surface waters such as lakes and streams, through changes induced in the hydrologic cycle. However, the last published report of the IPCC states no clear evidence of widespread change in annual streamflows and peak discharges of rivers in the world (IPCC, 1995, p. 158). Wliile lake and inland sea levels have fluctuated, the IPCC also points out that local effects make it difficult to use lake levels to monitor climate variations. 

Compressors and/or associated equipment can be shut down during periods of low demand or for preventative maintenance with only a localized effect. 

L ir in free suspension in moving water, no limit, local effects under high current density may increase wastage rate M May be used in the environment under special circumstances N High consumption rate in this environment... 

Manning s theory does not take the local effective dielectric constant into consideration, but simply uses the a value of bulk water for the calculation of E,. However, since counterion condensation is supposed to take place on the surface of polyions. Manning s 2, should be modified to E, by replacing a with aeff. The modified parameters E, is compared with E, in Table 1, which leads to the conclusion that the linear charge density parameter calculated with the bulk dielectric constant considerably underestimates the correct one corresponding to the interfacial dielectric constant. 

Tasken K, Aandahl EM (2004) Localized effects of cAMP mediated by distinct routes of protein kinase A. Physiol Rev 84 137-167... 

Deposition commonly reflects a combination of physicochemical processes and localized effects. It may occur through fouling as a result of contamination by process materials, perhaps plus scaling from the supersaturation of dissolved salts, and coupled with some active under-deposit corrosion. As a consequence, deposits forming within a boiler are almost never single mineral scales but typically consist of a variable mix of scale and corrosion debris, chemical treatment residuals, process contaminants, and the like. 

Because thermal gradients vary considerably within boilers, a typical BW sample, which is essentially representative of average internal bulk water conditions, is unlikely to provide sufficient valid information necessary for the critical assessment of conditions at boiler surfaces. This makes fine-tune control of coordinated phosphate programs within the areas they are most needed very difficult, if not impossible, especially because caustic and saline concentrations may be much higher under deposits than in the bulk water as a result of localized effects. 

Topical antibiotics exert a direct local effect on specific microorganisms and may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bacitracin (Baciguent) inhibits the cell wall synthesis. Bacitracin, gentamicin (G-myticin), erythromycin (Emgel), and neomycin are examples of topical antibiotics. These drugp are used to prevent superficial infections in minor cuts, wounds, skin abrasions, and minor burns. Erythromycin is also indicated for treatment of acne vulgaris. 

Antifungal drugp exert a local effect by inhibiting growth of the fungi. Examples of antifungal drugs and their uses are ... 

The study of skin irritation is probably still more complex than that of eye irritation. Surfactants interact with epidermal tissues, proteins, and enzymes causing local effects. Singer and Pittz [369], Cooper and Berner [370], and Schwuger and Bartnik [371] presented excellent explanations and reviews on these interactions. 

Values of are given in Table VII. The value obtained for set 5-1 seems to show that the substituent effect in the vinylidene position is predominantly a localized effect. Further data are necessary to firmly establish the composition of the electrical effect. 

With regard to the composition of the electrical effect, examination of the p values reported in Table XVII shows that in six of the sets which gave significant correlation, the localized effect is predominant (in these sets, either Pr < 50 or / is not significant). Thus it would appear that in so far as substituent effects are concerned, there are two major classes of electrophilic addition to the carbon-carbon double bond predominance of the localized effect or predominance of the delocalized effect. This behavior may well be accounted for in terms of the reaction mechanism. The rate-determining step in the electrophilic addition reaction is believed to be the formation of an intermediate which may be either bridged or a free carbonium ion. 

Those sets for which the resonance effect is predominant are the sets which are most likely to give rise to the free carbonium ion 5, as the substituents in these sets (sets 15-14 and 15-17 and possibly 15-18) are all donors by resonance, as is shown by their Or values. Those sets for which the localized effect is predominant may be accounted for in terms of intermediates 3 or 4. Sets 15-5, 15-7B2, and 15-12 gave significant values of jS. It is difficult to account for this fact in terms of intermediate 4. The results can be accounted for in terms of intermediate 3, however, if this species resembles other three-membered rings, such as cyclopropane, in its behavior. Sets 15-6, 15-8, 15-9, 15-12, and 15-15 include both donor and acceptor substituents. The successful correlation of... 

Again, data for c/s-heterovinylene sets were first correlated with the extended Hammett equation by Charton and Charton (73). There are three sets of data extant in the literature, all for oximes. The sets studied are set forth in Table XXVII (sets 274 through 27-6). Results of the correlations and values of pj are reported in Tables XXVIII and XIX, respectively. Of the three sets studied, two did not give significant correlation. The stereochemistry of the antt-acetyl ketoximes is discussed by Charton and Charton (73). It would seem that the localized effect is predominant in the case of the c/s-heterovinylene sets. 

Values of pKa for substituted amidines were correlated with the Hammett equation by Charton (190). Data are available for one set of substituted amidinium ions and one set of C-substituted-N-phenylamidinium ions. The sets studied are shown in Table XXX. Results of the correlations are set forth in Table XXXI and values of pj in Table XXXII. Significant correlations were obtained for both sets. In the case of the ionization of N-phenyl amidinium ions, the possibility of tautomerism exists, Charton (170) has presented arguments which suggest that the predominant tautomer is 30. The localized effect is predominant in both of the sets of amidinium ions studied. 

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