Regulating factors

Thus, the outlined regulating factors and strategies also apply to species that do not form cluster roots. Furthermore, nutrient uplift, i.e., net displacement of nutrients from deep layers to the topsoil (Jobbagy and Jackson 2004), is used by plants to make P more accessible. This leads to the next section, where we discuss the influence of plants on soil P concentrations. 

Many of the syntheses we have seen within this review depend on the carbonylation of a vinylcarbene complex for the generation of the vinylketene species. The ease of this carbonylation process is controlled, to some degree, by the identity of the metal. The electronic characteristics of the metal will clearly have a great effect on the strength of the metal-carbon double bond, and as such this could be a regulating factor in the carbene-ketene transformation. It is interesting to note the comparative reactivity of a (vinylcarbene)chromium species with its iron analogue The former is a fairly stable species, whereas the latter has been shown to carbonylate readily to form the appropriate (vinylketene)iron complex. 

Zhou X, Benson KF, Ashar HR, Chada K (1995) Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C. Nature 376(6543) 771-774... 

Root, R. K., Metcalf, J., Oshino, N., and Chance, B. (1975) H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis. Documentation, quantitation and some regulating factors. J. Clin. Invest. 55, 945-955. 

The maintenance and improvement of soil fertility is a central objective of organic fanning, especially since many indirect regulation factors for crop management are based on a well functioning soil-plant relationship. 

The technique has been used for the total synthesis of truncated forms of the basic/helix-loop-helix/zipper domains of the nuclear protein transcription regulation factors cMyc and Max. These were covalently joined through an oxime bond to form a single protein-like entity with two amino termini, i.e. cMyc-Max heterodimer and Max-Max homodimer, each 172 residues, which bind to DNA and activate or inhibit mRNA transcription. 103 ... 

The primary regulating factor for signal transduction via nuclear receptors is the hormone concentration. The amoimt of a hormone available for intracellular binding to the receptor is controlled by a number of processes ... 

Wurm, M., L. Kacani, G. Laus, K. Keplinger, and M. P. Dierich. 1998. Pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa induce human endothelial cells to release a lymphocyte proliferation regulating factor. Planta Med. 64 701-704. 

Table 10.11 Chemical, mechanical and thermal parameters as regulating factors in the cheese processing procedures (from Caric and Kalab, 1993)...

The neurotransmitter histamine (HA) exerts several functions in the hypothalamus [1-2] including an involvement in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion [3]. HA has no effect directly at the level of the pituitary gland, but influences the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones either by an exerted e.g. in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on other central transmitters or hypothalamic regulating factors, which subsequently regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones. In addition, HA acts on the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus where the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized and thereby exerts a direct effect on the release of the posterior pituitary hormones. Immunohistochemical studies have revealed that the histaminergic neurons, which originate in the tuberomammillary nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus, densely innervate most of the hypothalamic areas involved in the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone secretion [4-5]. Within the last two decades the effect of HA on pituitary hormone secretion have been explored in several studies and it has been... 

Salinity is a regulating factor (Fry, 1971 Brett, 1979), of greatest importance to diadromous and semi-anadromous fish. In order to keep in balance, fish in sea water must drink copiously and continually excrete salt, while in fresh water they must acquire salts and excrete water. Fish which live in both media at different... 

Generally, Notch 1 and Mathl are important regulation factors of morphogenesis [9, 10, 51, 68], There are no reports on mandibular condylar cartilage, although there is a report on their distribution of articular cartilage [12],... 

As mentioned previously for CS, substrate modifications could be of significant importance as regulating factors in proteolytic degradation of cohesive structures. Walsh and Chapman showed that pretreatment with glycosidases made preparations of stratum corneum more susceptible to cell... 

Cowan, J.L., Pennock, J.R., and Boynton, W.R. (1996) Seasonal and interannual patterns of sediment-water nutrient and oxygen fluxes in Mobile Bay, Alabama (USA) regulating factors and ecological significance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 141, 229-245. 

Reigstad M (2000) Plankton community and vertical flux of biogenic matter in north Norwegian fjords Regulating factors, temporal and spatial variations. PhD... 

Heme synthesis is controlled primarily by 8-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA synthase). There are two mechanisms of control, and each involves a process that affects the concentration of the enzyme. First, the half-life of ALA synthase, as shown by experiments in rat liver, is very short (60-70 min). Like many mitochondrial proteins, ALA synthase is encoded by nuclear genes, synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, and the enzyme is translocated into the mitochondria. The second and main regulating factor is the inhibition of ALA synthase by hemin. Hemin differs from heme in that the Fe atom is in the Fe3+ oxidation state. Heme spontaneously oxidizes to hemin when there is no globin to form hemoglobin. Hemin serves a second function in the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis in reticulocytes. It controls the synthesis of globin. 

OH)2D3 [398]. Other l,25-(OH)2D3-regulated factors related to HL-60 cell differentiation include up-regulation of markers of cell surface attachment, vitronectin, aV/ V integrin, and talin [399], as well as, increased syn-... 

Other examples are fusions of the e2a gene, which encodes the E2A transcription factor, a cell-cycle-regulating factor. The e2a gene fuses with genes that encode other transcription factors, such as HLF (hepatocyte leukaemia factor). This causes overexpression of the chimeric transcription factor. Juxtaposition of the trawi-activation domains of E2A and HLE in the E2A-HLF fusion protein results in mismatched heterodimerization and in competition between dimerization partners of E2A-HLF. These gene fusions are the most common changes in the chromosomes of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). 

---