Sulfonic acid amides sulfonates

There have been two general approaches to the direct asymmetric epoxidation of carbonyl-containing compounds (Scheme 1.2) ylide-mediated epoxidation for the construction of aryl and vinyl epoxides, and a-halo enolate epoxidation (Darzens reaction) for the construction of epoxy esters, acids, amides, and sulfones. 

Kellum [115] has described a class-selective oxidation chemistry procedure for the quantitative determination of secondary antioxidants in extracts of PE and PP with great precision (better than 1 %). Diorgano sulfides and tertiary phosphites can be quantitatively oxidised with /-chloropcroxybenzoic acid to the corresponding sulfones and phosphates with no interference from other stabilisers or additives. Hindered phenols, benzophenones, triazoles, fatty acid amides, and stearate... 

Emulsifiers have been used to prepare oil-external emulsion drilling fluids. Surfactants used as emulsifiers include fatty acid salts, fatty acid amides, petroleum sulfonates, and lignosulfo-nates. 

Ross and Miles foam heights with amide fatty acid amides, 2 456t viscosify enhancement, 2 455t Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t... 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

Detergent In relationship to fuel technology, a detergent is an oil-soluble surfactant added to fuel aiding in the prevention and removal of deposits. Examples include anionic alkyl aryl sulfonates, cationic fatty acid amides, or nonionic polyol condensates. 

NBQX (6-Nitro-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonic acid amide)... 

We conclude this section by noting that, as in the case of other acids, there are various sulfonic and sulfuric acid derivatives including esters and amides. Fig. 2.20 shows two examples of sulfonic acid amides that are representatives of important groups of drugs (sulfodiazine) and herbicides (sulfometuron), respectively. 

As illustrated by the examples in Table 3.9, resin-bound 4-alkoxybenzylamides often require higher concentrations of TFA and longer reaction times than carboxylic acids esterified to Wang resin. For this reason, the more acid-sensitive di- or (trialkoxy-benzyl)amines [208] are generally preferred as backbone amide linkers. The required resin-bound, secondary benzylamines can readily be prepared by reductive amination of resin-bound benzaldehydes (Section 10.1.4 and Figure 3.17 [209]) or by A-alkyla-tion of primary amines with resin-bound benzyl halides or sulfonates (Section 10.1.1.1). Sufficiently acidic amides can also be A-alkylated by resin-bound benzyl alcohols under Mitsunobu conditions (see, e.g., [210] attachment to Sasrin of Fmoc cycloserine, an O-alkyl hydroxamic acid). 

The soaps of the ethanolamines are extensively used in textile treating agents, in shampoos, and emulsifiers. The fatty acid amides of diethanolamine are applied as builders in heavy-duty detergents, particularly those in which alkylaryl sulfonates are the surfactant ingredients. The use of triethanolamine in photographic developing baths promotes fine grain structure in the film when developed. 

Fig. 7.4. Triftuoromethane-sulfonic acid an hydride/pyridine-mediated dehydration of primary carboxylic acid amides (A) to give the corresponding nitriles (B) with the reagents converting into pyridinium trifluormethanesulfonate pyrH F3C-S03 .

Cyanoborohydride and its modified reagents have been used for reductive dehalogenations. Thus, the combination of sodium or tetrabutylammonium cyanoborohydride, sodium or potassium 9-cyano-9-hydro-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanate [9-BBNCN] (2) or polymeric cyanoborane (3) in HMPA furnishes an efficient and mild system for the reduction of alkyl halides. The reagents are selective in that other functional groups, including ester, carboxylic acid, amide, cyano, alkene, nitro, sulfone, ketone, aldehyde and epoxide, are essentially inert under the reduction conditions thus, the reduction procedure is attractive for synthetic schemes which demand minimum damage to sensitive portions of the molecule. 

Apart from lubricants, spin finishes contain antistatic and spreading and emulsifying agents. These are generally alkyl sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, sulfonated fats and oils and poly(ethylene glycol)-modified fatty acids, fatty acid amides, fatty alcohols, and fatty amines. Potassium alkyl phosphates are extensively used in the production of polyester staple fibers. 

An important specificity in the catalysis was shown in dilute solutions of the sulfonic acids amide groups (—CO-NHa) were preferentially broken, the peptide bonds (—CO-NH-CHR—) proving more resistant. Steinhardt and Fugitt attributed this to the fact that, as slightly stronger bases, the amide groups successfully competed with the peptide bonds... 

Sulfonyl halides (e.g. benzenesulfonyl chloride) form adducts (11) with acid amides in an equilibrium reaction. From these adducts or via adducts of this type 0-sulfonated lactim ethers, isonitriles, adenine, nitriles, amidines, amidinium salts and formic acid esters were prepared. The adducts from DMF and chlorosulfonamides (12) can be used to prepare amidines or amidrazones. A/-Chlorosulfonylcarboxylic acid amides yield nitriles on treatment with DMF or other tertiary amides, presumably via an acid amide sulfonyl chloride complex (13 equation 3). ... 

BMB reduces only specific functional groups. In tetrahydrofiirane at 0° it reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, -y-valerolactone (11) to y-hydroxyvaleraldehyde (12), and N,N-dimethylamides to aldehydes. Under the same conditions it does not reduce carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, amides, esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, or sulfones. The failure of the carboxyl group to react makes possible the conversion... 

Such a procedure has been exploited for the synthesis of several derivatives for which an anti-inflammatory activity has been claimed [58]. A derivative under study as the Histamine H3 antagonist was prepared by the thermal intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a triene derivative of buta-1,3-diene-1-sulfonic acid amide. 1,3-Butadiene sulfonamides 182 (a 67%, b 69%, c 99%, d 51%) were prepared by the base mediated condensation of M-Boc-methanesulfonamides (181) with a series of aldheydes. N-akylation of 182 to give trienes 183 (a 69%, b 76%, c 82%, d 59%) was achieved by reacting the sodium salts with allyl bromide in THF at reflux. The intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of compounds 183 were performed at 145 °C in toluene in a sealed vessel under argon. Under these conditions compounds 184 and 184 were obtained in good yields (a 76% ratio 6 1, b 71% ratio 6 1, c 92% ratio 3 1, d 87% ratio 3 1). 

We selected carboxylic acid groups as the main component of weakly acidic cation exchange groups, rather than sulfonic acid amide with a dissociable hydrogen, phosphonic acid, phenolic hydroxide or perfluoro-tert-alcohol exchange sites, from the viewpoint of ease of preparation, stability and good performance in electrolysis,... 

Although perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid groups are very stable chemically as well as thermally, perfluorocarbon sulfonyl halide, especially sulfonyl chloride groups, are quite reactive. For example, sulfonyl chloride groups react with oxidants, reductants, various amines, phenol compounds, iodine compounds, etc. and give carboxylic acid, sulfinic acid, sulfonic acid amide, -CF2I and so forth. Some examples of how this feature can be used to generate various kinds of membranes will next be described... 

Formic acid amide, MA -dimethyl 12.1 Sulfone, dipropyl 11.3... 

Sulfonic acid amides from thioethers via sulfonic acid chlorides s. 3, 420 SR -y S02NHs... 

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