Sulfonated fatty acid

Fatty JicidFster Sulfonates. Fatty acid ester sulfonates (FAES) are generally produced from methyl esters, ie, methyl ester sulfonate (MES) and prepared via sulfonation, followed by bleaching and neutralization, in a relatively difficult and complex process ... 

Dispersion Technology. Substantial advancements in dispersion technology have been made since the initial introduction in 1923 of disperse dyes in paste form for cellulose acetate. Dyes were dissolved in sulfonated fatty acids such as sulforicinoleic acid [36634-48-7] (SRA),... 

Okane et al. measured the CMC values of a-sulfonated fatty acid higher alcohol esters. These molecules can be regarded as double-chain amphiphiles, but the CMC values are about three to six orders of magnitude larger than expected for double-chain amphiphiles that can spontaneously form vesicles in water [60]. 

Fujiwara et al. used the CMC values of sodium and calcium salts to calculate the energetic parameters of the micellization [61]. The cohesive energy change in micelle formation of the a-sulfonated fatty acid methyl esters, calculated from the dependency of the CMC on the numbers of C atoms, is equivalent to that of typical ionic surfactants (Na ester sulfonates, 1.1 kT Ca ester sulfonates, 0.93 kT Na dodecyl sulfate, 1.1 kT). The degree of dissociation for the counterions bound to the micelle can be calculated from the dependency of the CMC on the concentration of the counterions. The values of the ester sulfonates are also in the same range as for other typical ionic surfactants (Na ester sulfonates, 0.61 Ca ester sulfonates, 0.70 Na dodecyl sulfate, 0.66). 

Sodium a-sulfonated fatty acid esters of long-chain alcohols have a structural effect on the Krafft point different from that of amphiphiles with short alkyl chains [60]. In a series of homologs with the same total carbon number the Krafft points are highest when the hydrophilic alkyl chain lengths in the a-sulfonated fatty acid and the alcohol are fairly long and equal. In this case the packing of the molecules becomes close and tight. 

For long-chain alcohol esters it is interesting to see that the interfacial tension between a 0.01 wt % aqueous solution and octane or xylene has a minimum for ester sulfonates with a total 22 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain and the ester chain [60]. The balance in length between the two chains has only a poor effect. Thus, a-sulfonated fatty acid esters with a total number of 22-26 carbon atoms in the molecule have excellent interfacial activities. To attain the same magnitude in the interfacial tension between linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) solution and octane, the required concentration of LAS is 0.1 wt %. This is 10 times the concentration needed for a-sulfonated fatty acid esters [60]. 

Fujiwara et al. studied the precipitation phase boundary diagrams of the sodium salts of a-sulfonated myristic and palmitic acid methyl esters in the presence of calcium ions [61]. The time dependency of the precipitation showed that the calcium salts have an extremely slow crystallization rate at room temperatures. This is the reason for the good hardness tolerance of the a-sulfonated fatty acid methyl esters. 

Polymer films can be made antistatic with a-sulfonated fatty acid salts and esters [94]. For example, an antistatic additive for polypropylene manufacture can be prepared from potassium methyl a-sulfopalmitate, styrene oligomer, and 2-propanol [95]. The treatment of synthetic fibers and fabrics with a-sulfo-... 

Amine salts of a-sulfonated fatty acids and esters are also used as antistatic agents. Mixtures of alkyl a-sulfo fatty acid ester diethanolamine salts and hexa-decyl stearate or butyl stearate are coated onto nylon yarn after fiber formation and before stretching [97]. Polypropylene can be made antistatic with an amine salt of a-sulfolauric acid [C10H21CH(SO3Na)COO +NH(CH2CH(OH) CH3)3] [98]. 

The concept of a soap-LSDA detergent represents a simple solution to the quest for less polluting highly efficient laundry detergents [47,48]. If present worldwide price trends for petrochemicals, phosphates, and other builders continue to rise, the use of tallow or other fats and oils, which are replenishable agricultural products or byproducts, should become economically more attractive. Since the USD A research team initiated research on soap-LSDA detergents, the a-sulfonated fatty acid esters (MES) have become commercially available in the United States, Europe, and Japan. 

FAS = sulfonated fatty acid sodium salt, RCH-COONa) (Table 6). 

A. Cahn, H. Lemaire, R. Haass, Preparation of sulfonated fatty acid ester surface-active agents, US Patent 3 320 292 (1967). 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

Sulfuryl chloride and magnesium perchlorate have been suggested as acetylation catalysts for starch. Sulfur dioxide in acetic acid/ sulfur trioxide in acetic anhydride, and sulfonated fatty acid or sulfonated salicylic acid in a mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid have also been reported to acetylate starch. 

Promoters or collectors provide the substances to be separated with a water-repellent air-avid coating that will adhere to air bubbles. Typical collectors for flotation of metallic sulfides and native metals are dithiophosphates and xanthates. Fatty acids and their soaps, petroleum sulfonates, and sulfonated fatty acids are widely used as collectors in flotation of fluorspar, iron ore, phosphate rock, and others. Fuel oil and kerosene are used as collectors for coal, graphite, sulfur, and molybdenite. Cationic collectors such as fatty amines and amine salts are widely used for separation of quartz, potash, and silicate minerals. 

This type of detector is useful for inorganic strong acid anions inorganic strong base cations sulfates sulfonates fatty acids T, IF, IIP, and IV° amines and carboxylic acids. 

Humectol. [Hoechst AG] Sulfonated fatty acid amides wetting and leveling agent, dispersant for dyeing and printing. 

Okano, T. N. Egawa M. Fujiwara M. Fukuda. a-sulfonated fatty acid esters II. Solution behavior of a-sulfonated fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters./. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1996, 73, 31—37. 

Weil, J.K. A.J. Stirton. Critical micelle concentrations of a-sulfonated fatty acids and their esters. /. Phys. Chem-US. 1956, 60, 899-901. 

Fatty acids, coco, hydrogenated. See Hydrogenated coconut acid Fatty acids, coco, hydrogenated, salts with bis (2-hydroxypropyl) amine. See DIPA-hydrogenated cocoate Fatty acids, coco, 2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl esters, sodium salts. See Sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfonate Fatty acids, coco, isodecyl esters. See Isodecyl cocoate... 

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate Fatty acid soap Polyethylene glycol ether Sodium/potassium tripolyphosphate Sodium carbonate Sodium silicate Sodium/potassium hydroxide Optical brightener Antiredeposition agent Water... 

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate Fatty acid soap Sodium hydroxide Sodium alcohol ether sulfate Solid chlorine bleach Sodium carbonate Optical brightener Sodium tripolyphosphate... 

Pronamide Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lignin sulfonate Fatty acid soap Barden clay... 

Yamada, K., Matsutani, S., Separation and Identification of Colored Substances in Sulfonated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, 84th AOCS, Anaheim, CA, April, 1993. 

Stein, W., Baumann, H., Alpha-sulfonated fatty acids and ester Manufacturing process, properties and applications, JAOCS, 52, 323-329, 1975. 

CTFA Adopted Name Sodium Cocoamphohydroxypropyl Sulfonate Fatty Acid Source Coconut... 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used type in the emulsion polymerization. These include sulfates (sodium lauryl sulfate), sulfonates (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), fatty acid soaps (sodium or potassium stearate, laurate, palmitate), and the Aerosol series (sodium dialkyl sulphosuccinates) such as Aerosol OT (AOT, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) and Aerosol MA (AMA, sodium dihexyl sulphosuccinates). The sulfates and sulfonates are useful for polymerization in acidic medium where fatty acid soaps are unstable or where the final product must be stable toward either acid or heavy-metal ions. The AOT is usually dissolved in organic solvents to form the thermodynamically stable reverse micelles. [22] Nonionic surfactants usually include the Brij type, Span-Tween 80 (a commercial mixture of sorbitol monooleate and polysorbate 80), TritonX-100[polyoxyethylene(9)4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl... 

The polymerization process is performed by using one of the following three methods emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization or bulk polymerization. The first and oldest method is rarely used (around 10% of PVC is produced this way). The production can be periodic or continuous. In the continuous method, there is a negative effect of the polymer being deposited in autoclaves, which can lead to deterioration in heat exchange and an increase in the amoimt of coagulum (non-coUoidal particles of latex). Emulsion polymerization is conducted in the presence of initiators dissolved in water, i.e., non-organic oxides (ammonium, potasium persulfate), emulsifiers (mostly anionic alkylbenzyl sulfonate, fatty acids salts, alkylphenyl ethoxides and fatty acids). The selection and the amount of the emulsifier is crucial since it affects the properties of latex, the particle size, the stability, and the tendency of the powder to cake. Other aids used in the process of polymerization are buffers phosphates and sodium carbonate. 

This information is necessary to understand the fundamental nature of the a-sulfonated fatty acid esters and their characteristic behavior, such as the low Krafft points, the hard-water tolerance, and the large heat of transition [67]. 

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