Ligno sulfonates

Ligno sulfonate—metal complexes are weaker complexes than those formed from amine-based complexing agents such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). They are compatible with most pesticides /herbicides, but thek use in phosphate fertilisers is not recommended. 

Seawater muds are composed of bentonite, thinner (lignosulfonate or lignosulfonate and lignite), and an organic filtration control agent. The typical formulation of a seawater mud is 3.5 Ib/bbl of alkali (2 Ib/bbl caustic soda and 1.5 Ib/bbl lime), 8 to 12 Ib/bbl of lignosulfonate, and 2 to 4 Ib/bbl of bentonite to maintain viscosity and filtration. Another approach is to use bentonite/thinner (ligno-sulfonate)/freshwater premix, and mix it with seawater that has been treated for hardness. This technique will be discussed in the saturated saltwater muds section. 

Examples of commonly used viscosity control additives are calcium ligno-sulfonate, sodium chloride and some long-chain polymers. These additives also act as accelerators or retarders so care must be taken in designing the cement slurry with these materials. 

Seawater muds are composed of bentonite, thinner (lignosulfonate or ligno-sulfonate with lignite), and an organic filtration control agent. 

Organophilic polyphenolic materials for oil-based drilling fluids have been described [407], The additives are prepared from a polyphenolic material and one or more phosphatides. The phosphatides are phosphoglycerides obtained from vegetable oils, preferably commercial lecithin. Humic acids, ligno-sulfonic acid, lignins, phenolic condensates, tannins the oxidized, sulfonated, or sulfomethylated derivatives of these polyphenolic materials may serve as polyphenolic materials. 

Polymonoallylamine, crosslinked or uncrosslinked ligno-sulfonate, condensed naphthalene sulfonate, or sulfonated vinyl aromatic polymer components react with each other in the presence of water to produce a gelatinous material [1510,1511]... 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

Although several different salts of ligno sulfonates are commercially available, the calcium and sodium derivatives are the most widely used in admixture formulation. The sodium salt tends to maintain its solubihty at... 

Ligno sulfonate admixtures can be used to produce concrete of a required workability and strength characteristic at lower cement contents than the comparative plain concrete with no adverse effect on the durability of the concrete or total structure. The only exception to this rule would be in conditions where high-sulfate ground waters may be involved when the minimum cement contents of relevant codes of practice should be observed. 

Ligno sulfonate admixtures containing triethanolamine should not be used in situations sensitive to increased volume deformations. 

When fatty-acid or wax emulsion type damp-proofers are used in conjunction with lignosulfonate or hydroxycarboxylic-based admixtures, heavy air entrainment results with attendant strength reduction. Both these effects decrease waterproofing characteristics. At higher workabilities, ligno sulfonates counteract the reduced bleeding effect obtained with waxes and increase bleeding rates [83]. 

Canadian Industries Limited Explosive Composition Containing an Inorganic Oxidizer Salt, a Soluble Ligno-sulfonate, and Mutual Solvent Therefor... 

The theoretical composition deduced for spruce lignin was confirmed by analytical data for several low sulfonated, high molecular weight ligno-sulfonate fractions. The results of these studies are presented in detail in Paperi Pun 47, 443 (1965). 

Preliminary Oxidation with Cupric Oxide and Alkali. This first oxidation study under conditions used previously for evaluating ligno-sulfonate solutions (//) used the fractionation procedure developed recently for analyzing spent pulping liquors (75, 16). This procedure was used with little change for most of the oxidation experiments here. 

Norlig. [Borregaard LignoTech] Ligno-sulfonates dispersant, binder, resin extender, soil and dust stabilizer, pelletizing of coal and charcoal, ceramic additive. 

RayKrome. [Rayonier] Chrome ligno-sulfonates persant fw drilling mud. 

Tembind. [Temfibre] Ammonium ligno-sulfonate asphalt emulsifier and stabilizer. 

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