Alkyl-aryl sulfonates

Three forms of caustic soda are produced to meet customer needs purified diaphragm caustic (50% Rayon grade), 73% caustic, and anhydrous caustic. Regular 50% caustic from the diaphragm cell process is suitable for most appHcations and accounts for about 85% of the NaOH consumed in the United States. However, it caimot be used in operations such as the manufacture of rayon, the synthesis of alkyl aryl sulfonates, or the production of anhydrous caustic because of the presence of salt, sodium chlorate, and heavy metals. Membrane and mercury cell caustic, on the other hand, is of superior quaUty and... 

Emulsifiers. Removing the remover is just as important as removing the finish. For water rinse removers, a detergent that is compatible with the remover formula must be selected. Many organic solvents used in removers are not water soluble, so emulsifiers are often added (see Emulsions). Anionic types such as alkyl aryl sulfonates or tolyl fatty acid salts are used. In other appHcations, nonionic surfactants are preferred and hydrophilic—lipophilic balance is an important consideration. 

Others include tributyl phosphate [55612-35-6] alkyl aryl sulfonates, siUcones, and alcohols such as octanol [111-87-5]. 

Sulfates or sulfonates Alkali metal salts of sulfated alcohols, sulfonic acid salts alkyl-aryl sulfonates sodium laiiryl sulfate Nonaqiieoiis systems mixed aqueous and nonaqiieoiis systems oil-well drilling muds spent H3SO4 recovery deep-fat frying... 

The cleavage of alkyl aryl sulfones by sodium amalgam and alcohols65 probably proceeds also through the intermediacy of a radical anion, followed by splitting to the arylsulfinate anion and an alkyl radical. Both the sulfinate anion and the disproportionation products of the radical have been observed. 

Sulfones are thermally very stable compounds, diaryl derivatives being more stable than alkyl aryl sulfones which, in turn, are more stable than dialkyl sulfones allyl and benzyl substituents facilitate the homolysis by lowering the C—S bond dissociation energy17. Arylazo aryl sulfones, on heating in neutral or weakly basic media at 100°C, yield an aryl and arenesulfonyl radical pair via a reversible one-bond fission followed by dediazoni-ation of the aryldiazenyl radical (see Scheme 2 below)20. However, photolysis provides a relatively easy method for generating sulfonyl radicals from compounds containing the S02 moiety. 

The reaction can be extended to the preparation of alkyl aryl sulfones by the use of a sulfonyl fluoride. 

Sulfur dioxide (see above) as well as S02, SO , and SOj have been used as building blocks in three-component sulfone syntheses. It has long been known that aromatic sulfinic acids are easily available from diazonium salts and sulfur dioxide under copper catalysis . Mechanistically, aryl radicals as reactive intermediates add to sulfur dioxide generating arenesulfonyl radicals, which either take up an electron (or hydrogen) yielding a sulfinic acid or add to an olefinic double bond yielding final y -halogenated alkyl aryl sulfones (equation 78). 

An amine-terminated polyoxyalkylene having an average molecular weight from about 600 to about 10,000 can be acylated with a succinic acylating agent (e.g., hexadecenyl succinic anhydride or a Diels-Alder diacid) obtained from an unsaturated fatty acid [628,629] similarly, alkyl-aryl sulfonate salts [1319] can be used in lubrication. 

Ammonium salts of alkenyl succinic half-amides have teen described for use as corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production technology to combat corrosion by media containing CO2, H2S, and elemental sulfur [1366]. The inhibitor composition may contain a dispersing agent, such as a low molecular weight or polymeric anionic surfactant like an alkylsulfonic acid or an alkyl-aryl sulfonic acid. 

Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, pellets, microencapsulates, and impregnated materials. Suggested diluents for concentrates include water and petroleum distillates, such as kerosene and diesel oil. Carrier compounds include synthetic clays with alkyl/aryl sulfonates as wetting agents (Table 14.1). Little information is available to assess the influence of various use formulations on toxicity, dispersal, decomposition, and bioavailability. Chemical and other properties of chlorpyrifos are summarized in Table 14.2 and Figure 14.1. 

Lorsban 25W Wettable powder, 25% Dispersion on blended clays with alkyl/aryl sulfonates as wetting agents... 

Detergents are known to inhibit many enzymes.48 The action of Nacconol NRSF (an alkyl aryl sulfonate) is equally pronounced on tomato PM44 and tomato PG. Depending on various conditions, both enzymes are completely inactive in the presence of 10-20 mg. % of the active ingredient. Nacconol was also quite effective in the inactivation of fungal PG but further work is needed to establish the quantitative relationships. 

While raising the pH gave some improvements in lather, more improvement was needed. Various co-surfactants, including alkyl sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, and fatty acid taurides were effective in improving the speed of lather when present at levels of around 5%. Cost considerations led to choosing an alkyl aryl sulfonate, particularly sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, as it was already widely used in the formulation of laundry detergents. 

Various detergents were examined for their effect on lather properties. It was observed that alkyl aryl sulfonates (like sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) and alkyl sulfates (like sodium lauryl sulfate) had the biggest impact as foam boosters. This is not surprising, as both surfactants have head groups with high charge density, which is important for achieving rapid and stable foam [20],... 

Comparison of these adsorption isotherms with those obtained for the linear alkyl aryl sulfonates (Figure 6) reveals the behavior of the 2 ( ) HDBS to be close to that which would be expected for a 1 (t> HDBS and that of the 8 ( ) HDBS to be equivalent to that of a tridecyl benzene sulfonate. Development of a cguantitative model that can account for the effect of the position of the benzene group on the chain warrants additional data for a variety of surfactants with branched chains. 

Dimethylcarbonate, in presence of K2CO3, has been found to react with benzyl aryl and alkyl aryl sulfones RCH2S02Ar at 180-210 °C to form the corresponding mono-C-methyl derivative selectively and in high yield. The monomethylation has been attributed to a methoxycarbonylation-methylation-demethoxycarbonylation sequence via ArS02C(Me)(C02Me)R. 

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