Sulfosuccinate esters

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

Aerosol A-102 Mono-ester sulfosuccinate surfactant Cytec... 

ChemaL [Chemax] Ethoxylated ethers, esters, sulfosuccinates wetting agent, penetrant, emulsifier, lubricant, detergent, dispersant, solubilizer fix textile processing, cosmetics, polishes,... 

Chem. Descrip. Alcohol half-ester sulfosuccinate, sodium salt, ethoxylated... 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium half ester sulfosuccinate Ionic Nature Anionic... 

Alkanesulfonate hydrotropes fatty alcohol sulfate alkylbenzenesulfonate sulfated fatty alcohol ethoxylate (homologs are separated) soap a-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester sulfosuccinic acid diesten qualitative... 

Sulfosuccinate esters. Sulfosuccinate diesters may be separated according to the length of the acyl chain (3). 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides made from several linear alpha olefins are used in paper sizing, detergents, and other uses. Sulfosuccinic acid esters serve as surface active agents. Alkyd resins (qv) are used as surface coatings. Chlorendric anhydride [115-27-5] is used as a flame resistant component (see Flame retardants). Tetrahydrophthalic acid [88-98-2] and hexahydrophthalic anhydride [85-42-7] have specialty resin appHcations. Gas barrier films made by grafting maleic anhydride to polypropylene [25085-53-4] film are used in food packaging (qv). Poly(maleic anhydride) [24937-72-2] is used as a scale preventer and corrosion inhibitor (see Corrosion and corrosion control). Maleic anhydride forms copolymers with ethylene glycol methyl vinyl ethers which are partially esterified for biomedical and pharmaceutical uses (189) (see Pharmaceuticals). 

LialkylSulfosuccinates. Introduced in 1939 by the American Cyanamid Company under the Aerosol trademark, dialkyl sulfosuccinates have become widely used specialty surfactants (Table 8) (9). Within the limitations in hydrolytic stabiUty imposed by the presence of the ester groups, sulfosuccinates are mild, versatile surfactants used when strong wetting, detergency, rewetting, penetration, and solubilization effectiveness is needed. 

Chemical Name Sulfobutanedioio acid 1,4-bis(2-ethy hexyl)ester calcium salt Common Name Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate Structural Formula ... 

For the manufacturing of sulfosuccinic acid esters, which belong to a special class of surfactants, maleic acid anhydride is needed. Maleic acid anhydride is an important intermediate chemical of the chemical industry. Its worldwide output amounts to about 800,000 tons (1990) [64]. Maleic acid is produced by catalytic vapor phase oxidation process of benzene or n-C4 hydrocarbons in fixed bed or fluidized bed reactors according the following reaction equations. The heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation processes is very high. 

Sulfosuccinic acid monoalkyltrioxyethylene ester disodium salt 2-3 2-5... 

LDL compositions containing AOS, a sulfosuccinic acid ester, a zwitterionic and a nonionic surfactant have been described by Noguera et al. [76]. Such compositions have good cleaning and foaming power and are useful too for shampoo and laundry-cleaning purposes. 

In the sulfosuccinate esters a comparable hydrophobic part consists of the fatty chain plus the functionalities introduced by maleic acid anhydride function. The product variation would then be possible by changing the chain length and/or degree of saturation of the fatty alcohol. The fatty alcohol itself can be replaced by an ethoxylated fatty alcohol with different degrees of ethoxylation as another parameter to be varied. 

The synthesis of sulfosuccinate esters—either monoesters or diesters—or the corresponding amides is usually done in a two-step procedure. In both cases, the MA is reacted in the first step with organic alcohol, organic amine, or (in the case of monoesters) with other suitable organic reactants that bear hydroxyl (or even protic) groups in the second step sulfation of the maleic ester takes place. 

Scheme 6 Regioisomeric possibilities during sulfosuccinate formation of the maleic half ester.

Finally brief reference should be made to the stabilization of synthetic latices, particularly high solids latices of the GR-S type and the improvement of the cold GR-S polymerization by a synthetic emulsifying agent known as EMCOL K-8300, which is a sulfosuccinic acid ester (sodium salt) of the isopropanolamide of oleic acid ... 

A special sulfonation technique is also used for the production of sulfosuccinates (Fig. 1.16). These are derived from maleate esters or half esters using a suitable sulfonation agent, most commonly sodium metabisulfite. 

Carboxylates, phosphate esters, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, thiosulfates... 

Anionic Alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkylsulfates and ethoxysulfates, sulfosuccinates, phosphate esters, taurates, alkylnapthalene sulfonates, lignosulfonates... 

Choose alkylnaphthalene sulfonates and sulfosuccinate esters as hydrotropes in formulations where foaming needs to be controlled, as they enhance solubility of anionic surfactants without increasing foam amount [20],... 

Equation 9 states that the surface excess of solute, T, is proportional to the concentration of solute, C, multiplied by the rate of change of surface tension, with respect to solute concentration, d m,/dCThe concentration of a surfactant in a G—L interface can be calculated from the linear segment of a plot of surface tension versus concentration and similarly for the concentration in an L—L interface from a plot of interfacial tension. In typical applications, the approximate form of the Gibbs equation was employed to calculate the area occupied by a series of sulfosuccinic ester molecules at the air—water interface (8) and the energies of adsorption at the air-water interface for a series of commercial nonionic surfactants (9). 

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