Standards organizations Underwriters Laboratories

On just the subject of appliance safety the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) have published more than four hundred safety standards to assess the hazards associated with manufacturing appliances. These standards represent basic design requirements for various categories of products covered by the organization. For example, under UL s Component Plastics Program a material is tested under standardized, uniform conditions to provide preliminary information as... 

Standards provide a base for a uniform system of accepted performance such as those found in engineering practice standards, material standards, and test standards. Hydrogen standards are typically written under a consensus process by technical committees (TC) representing a cross section of interested parties and issued in the United States, for example, by organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) for pressure vessels, pipelines, and piping the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) for pressure vessel operation and maintenance and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) for product certification. 

Certification. It is a benefit to the employer to ensure that the intrinsically safe electrical circuit is certified. Certification can be achieved through the use of a third party, such as Underwriters Laboratories or Factory Mutual Research. Both of these organizations have their own standards for approval which are based on NFPA 493. The certification is accomplished in three steps ... 

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) UL is an independent, not-for-profit product safety testing and certification organization. UL has tested products for public safety for more than a century with more than 14 billion UL Marks applied to products worldwide. UL has developed a standard for inverters that can be applied to fuel cells. 

Listed equipment is typically defined as materials that have been tested to a standard by an organization that is acceptable to the AHJ. The listing organization, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or Factory Mutual (FM), maintains a periodic audit of listed equipment or materials to ensure that the equipment or material meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. The testing organization then publishes a list of equipment that has passed the evaluation process. Hence, the fire protection community uses the term "listed" to define equipment that has been specifically evaluated for use in fire protection applications. 

Electrical safety. Most common commercial instruments have been certified for electrical safety by an organization such as UL (Underwriters Laboratory), CE, or CSA (Canadian Standards Association). However, certain less common instruments or custom-built instruments may have to go through a certification process at the time of installation. Certification required for electrical safety may take time to complete. A protective shield or casing may be required for automated systems with robotic arms for sample manipulation, to protect operators. 

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is an independent, nonprofit organization that develops standards for safety in electrical products. UL 746 A, B,... 

Until 1990 the EPA maintained a list of chemicals suitable for potable water treatment in the United States. Since then the entire question of certification and standards has been turned over to a group of organizations headed by the National Sanilalion Foundation, which has issued voluntary standards. As of January 1992. standards had been issued for most of the principal inorganic products, hut only for three polymers, polytDADMAC). Epi-DMA (epichlorohydrindimethylamine) polymers and polyacrylamide. Certifications for commercial products meeting specified standards are issued by Ihe National Sanitation Foundation. Underwriter Laboratories, and Sab Water Addilives Institute (SWAI),... 

Equipment or materials to which is attached a specified label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an inspection agency, nationally recognized testing laboratory, or organization acceptable to the authority having jurisdietion and coneerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of the production of labeled equipment or materials. The provision of a label by the manufacturer on a fire proteetion product indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a speeified manner for fire safety. See also Approved Classified Factory Mutual (FM) Listed Underwriters Laboratories (UL). 

Each national and international standards arganizatimi, government, and private industries from each country, listed above and others, use their own standard test methods for the evaluation of the products and materials. Consequently, there are literally thousands of standard test methods used on a worldwide basis [37-41], The national and international standards organizations list their test methods in catalogues for standards such as the European Conunittee for Standardization, CEN [42], FM Approvals [43], Underwriter s Laboratories (UL) [44], International Standards Organization (ISO) [45], American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) [46] and others. 

This nonprofit organization maintains laboratories for the examination and testing of systems, devices, and material to ensure compliance with safety and health standards. Underwriters... 

Underwriters Laboratory Incorporated is a nonprofit organization that conducts scientific investigations, studies, experiments, and tests related to hazards of life and property. As part of its role, it publishes standards, classifications, and specifications aimed at reducing hazards. It evaluates and tests products. It authorizes UL recognitions of tested products that comply with its standards. UL is best known for testing and certification of electrical equipment. Its services extend to fire-related and other products. 

Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) with specific focus on LIB hazards and safeguards are the SAE, the NFPA, and the Underwriters Laboratory (UL) [63]. 

The primary consensus-based organizations in the United States developing and maintaining fire and flammability test standards are ASTM International (previously the American Society for Testing and Materials) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Committee EOS on Fire Tests is the primary committee in ASTM that develops fire and flammability test standards (25). Several material- or product-oriented Committees have subcommittees that develop fire and flammability test standards as well. For example. Committee D20 on Plastics has a subcommittee on thermal properties (D20.30) that develops and maintains some fire and flammability test standards for plastics. The Fire Test Committee is responsible for all fire and flammability test standards that are used by any of the fire safety codes and standards published by NFPA. A number of test laboratories in the United States, such as Underwriters Laboratories and FM Global, have established a consensus process that meets the requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) so that they now can publish American National Standards. 

Many battery sizes and dimensions have been standardized by electrical multinational organizations. The main organizations in this field are ANSI (American Standards Institute), lEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), and UL (Underwriters Laboratory). These organizations have also developed standardized tests for safety and performance in accordance with the most common applications for consumer batteries. For example, heavy and light flashlight tests, radio tests, and toy tests have been devised and are generally reported by the battery producers. For a comprehensive review of standardization of primary batteries, see [1]. 

NEMA has published separate standards publications in a number of classifications. A considerable amount of NEMA standardization activity is in cooperation with other organizations engaged in standardization, such as ASTM, Edison Electrical Institute, NFPA, Underwriters Laboratories, IEEE, and other associations, laboratories, or Government bodies. 

A number of Federal Specifications covering materials or appliances of classes which are under the supervision of Underwriters Laboratories recognize the Laboratories UL label as compliance with the applicable requirements and standards. In its work with standardization, the UL cooperates with many other organizations such as ANSI, NFPA, and ASTM. 

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL). An independent organization that tests and makes recommendations based on safety and fire hazard conditions relating to the tested equipment. Standards are pubUshed by Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062. 

Organizations involved in conducting and/or preparing specifications/ standards on the electrical properties on plastics include the Underwriters Laboratories (UL), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Canadian Standards Association (CSA), International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 

The standardization of batteries started in 1912, when a committee of the American Electrochemical Society recommended standard methods of testing dry cells. This eventually led to the first national publication in 1919 issued as an appendix to a circular from the National Bureau of Standards. It further evolved into the present American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Accredited Standards Committee CIS on Portable Cells and Batteries. Since then, other professional societies have developed battery related standards. Many battery standards were also issued by international, national, military, and federal organizations. Manufacturers associations, trade associations, and individual manufacturers have published standards as well. Related application standards, published by the Underwriters Laboratories, the International Electrotechnical Commission, and other organizations that cover battery-operated equipment may also be of interest. 

Flammability fla-m3- bi-b-te n (1646) With respect to plastics, flammability is a very broad term that has been the focus of a potpourri of tests and standards generated by many organizations, predominantly in the U.S. by Underwriters Laboratory (UL) and ASTM. 

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, the Compressed Gas Association, the American National Standards Institute, the American Society for Testing and Materials, the National Sanitation Foundation, Underwriters Laboratories, and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. We will discuss the specific safety role of some of these organizations later in Sections 18.4 and 18.5. 

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