Battery development

Table 2. Technology and Processing Contributions to Alkaline Battery Development...

Some efforts toward sealed battery development (76) were made. However, a third electrode, an oxygen recombination electrode was required to reduce the cost of the system. High rate appHcations such as torpedo propulsion were investigated (77) and moderate success achieved using experimental nickel—zinc ceUs yielding energy densities of 35 W-h/kg at discharge rates of 8 C. A commercial nickel—zinc battery is considered to be the most likely... 

M. Klein and A. Charkey, Zinc—Ocygen Battery Development, Electrochemical Society, Atianta, Ga., Oct. 1977. 

The lead—acid battery is one of the most successful electrochemical systems and the most successful storage battery developed. In 1988 total battery sales, excluding Eastern European central economy countries, were more than 17 biUion (1). Lead—acid battery sales accounted for about 57% of that figure. About 80% of the lead [7439-92-1] (qv), Pb, consumption in the United States was for batteries in that year. 

M. Eskra, P. Eidler, R. Miles, Zinc-bromine battery development for electric vehicle applications, Proc. 24 h hit. Symp. Automotive technology and Automation, Florence, 1991. 

The following chapter contains a collection of six papers specifically dedicated to the topic of metal/graphite composites as candidate active materials for the negative electrodes of the lithium-ion batteries of the near future. Editors believe this chapter to be a very first attempt made in the worldwide electrochemical literature to group metal/graphite composite lithium-ion battery developers into a stand-alone section of a book. 

Batenus A series of processes, including solvent extraction and ion exchange, for recovering metals from scrap batteries. Developed by Pira, Germany, in 1993. 

During 1961, we dropped some performance fasks and added others. My co-workers and I tried out a battery of six cognitive measures - the so-called Texas Battery developed by Moran and Mefford in 1959. The designers had identified six basic cognitive skills, using factor analysis. To allow repeated administration of their brief (fcee minute) tests while minimizing practice effects, they created 20 equivalent forms for each cognitive skill. 

Only a few of the thousands of proprosed battery systems have been commercialized. A set of criteria can be established to characterize reactions suitable for use in selecting chemical systems for commercial battery development. Very few combinations can meet all of the criteria for a general purpose power supply. The fact that two of the major battery systems introduced more than 100 years ago, lead acid (rechargeable) and zinc—manganese dioxide (primary), are still the major systems in their category is indicative of the selection process for chemical reactions that can serve the battery marketplace. 

Various materials have been used as separators in zinc—bromine cells. Ideally a material is needed which allows the transport of zinc and bromide ions but does not allow the transport of aqueous bromine, polybromide ions, or complex phase structures. Ion selective membranes are more efficient at blocking transport then nonselective membranes.These membranes, however, are more expensive, less durable, and more difficult to handle then microporous membranes (e.g., Daramic membranes).The use of ion selective membranes can also produce problems with the balance of water between the positive and negative electrolyte flow loops. Thus, battery developers have only used nonselective microporous materials for the separator. 

Bermion, D. N. A review of membrane separators and Zinc-Nickel oxide battery development. Prepared for Argorme Na tional Laboratory under Contract No. 31 109 38 5455, October 1980. 

Primary Battery Development. Many publications (5-15) and presentations have occurred in the 70 s on PRIMARY cells based on dry organic or inorganic electrolytes. HED s have been achieved. Low-temperature output has been achieved with some. Table III lists some of the more popular solvents. Preferred electrolytes include POCI3 -i- LiPFe or LiBCla, and SOCI2 + LiAlCli or LiAsFe. 

Figure 4.5 On the basis of the current predictions on battery development, the necessary battery mass for a 500 kg vehicle for a range of 400km in NDEC cycles (120 km h ) is projected to be lower than the overall weight of a conventional powertrain based on an internal combustion engine.

A further impetus for commercial battery development came with the introduction of domestic radio receivers in the 1920s, and an equivalent growth has been seen over the last 30 years with the development of microelectronics-based equipment. Today, it is estimated that annual battery production totals 8-15 units per head of population throughout the developed countries of the world. 

The better performance of the FeS2 electrode cells vis a vis the FeS cells led to these becoming the focus of the lithium-aluminium/iron sulphide battery development programme at Argonne. In 1986 a life of 1000 cycles was achieved on prismatic cells with flooded electrolyte and dense electrodes operating on the upper voltage plateau. 

High Performance Batteries for EV Propulsion and Stationary Energy Storage. Symposium and Workshop on Advanced Research and Design Lithium/Metal Sulphide Battery Development Programme... 

Richter, A. Battery Developments Slow to Come as Cost Bailies Function in MaikeL/ Electronic Buyers News. 32 (Time IS. 1990)... 

The fuel cell in Figure 13.9 can be conceptually viewed as a combination of a Nafion film-coated cathode and a Nafion film-coated anode. Hence, the fuel cell is, in essence, a combination of two chemically modified electrodes. This idea is, in fact, more than just a concept, because electrochemical investigations of Nafion film-coated electrodes have been used to obtain fundamental chemical and electrochemical information that is relevant to the operation of such devices [93]. For example, the kinetics of 02 reduction in fuel cells can be investigated at such modified electrodes the solubility and diffusion coefficient for 02 in Nafion and the proton conductivity of this membrane material can also be determined. Chemically modified electrodes have made analogous contributions to battery development. 

All-plastic battery developed at Johns Hopkins University... 

New battery developments include the ultracapacitor hybrid barium titan-ate powder design (EEStors). These devices can absorb and release charges much faster than electrochemical batteries. They weigh less, and some projections suggest that in electric cars they might provide 500 mi of travel at a cost of 9 in electricity. But these are only the projections of researchers. 

Another direction of battery development involves high temperature and larger units. NGK Insulators, Ltd., in Japan uses sodium-sulfur batteries operating at 427°C (800°F) that are able to deliver 1 mW for 7 hours from a battery unit. The size of these units is about the size of a bus. Such units could be used at electric filling stations that are not connected to the grid. 

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