Related Tests

Particles on the outside surface of newly acquired, unopened ammunition were examined in order to determine if the ammunition was contaminated with discharge residue in the factory. Munitions and firearms manufacturers do test-fire their products. Results are given in Table 20.1. 

The majority of the lead-only, antimony-only, and lead, antimony particles that were spherical would be classified as indicative of FDR. However, they were accompanied by particles whose morphology was inconsistent, and only a limited range of particle types were present. No unique FDR particles were detected. 

A further test was conducted to determine whether or not ammunition that had been previously loaded in a firearm would have FDR on its surface. Results are given in Table 20.2. 

A test was conducted to determine the weight loss of some bullets after discharge. Results are given in Table 20.3. From the limited experimental data it would appear that, as expected, the full metal jacketed bullets lose less than the soft unjacketed bullets. The FMJ bullet with its base enclosed lost less than its equivalent with its base exposed. This is also predictable as the exposed base is subject to erosion during discharge. The. 38 SPL + P unjacketed bullet 

GECO 9 mm Large None None Luger. number 

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CAL 133. California Technical Bulletin 133 is a test of the fire hazard associated with upholstered furniture (22). The test is carried out by igniting a standard fire source directiy on the piece of furniture being tested. In the most recent version of the test, the fire source is a gas flame. Smoke, heat, and toxic gas emissions are measured dufing the test. A related test, BS 5852, uses various wooden cribs as the fire source (23). 

Table 5. ASTM Graphite-Related Test Methods, Specifications, Recommended Practices, and Definitions ...

The corrosion rates of the materials of construction are always of importance, but it has been found that, whereas the uniform removal of metal from the hot leg may not impair the load-carrying ability of the container, the deposition of metal in the cold leg can cause the cessation of flow, and the measure of the suitability of an alloy is often the time, under given conditions, that it takes for plugging to occur. Again, the flow velocity and the cross-sectional area are of primary importance in relating test results to operating conditions. 

For nonpharmacopeial materials a full specification should be included in the application. This should include appropriate tests and requirements for physical characteristics, identification, relevant purity tests, and performance-related tests. Characteristics likely to influence bioavailability of the finished product should be controlled. Routine tests and specifications should be described. Methods should be validated. The material should be fully characterized, with full data on the chemistry concerned and including consideration of the safety of the excipient. Any relevant European Directive requirements or other international specifications should be met, but additional requirements might apply depending on the intended use of the product—e.g., for materials to be used in sterile products. 

In principle, the relationships described by equations 66-9 (a-c) could be used directly to construct a function that relates test results to sample concentrations. In practice, there are some important considerations that must be taken into account. The major consideration is the possibility of correlation between the various powers of X. We find, for example, that the correlation coefficient of the integers from 1 to 10 with their squares is 0.974 - a rather high value. Arden describes this mathematically and shows how the determinant of the matrix formed by equations 66-9 (a-c) becomes smaller and smaller as the number of terms included in equation 66-4 increases, due to correlation between the various powers of X. Arden is concerned with computational issues, and his concern is that the determinant will become so small that operations such as matrix inversion will be come impossible to perform because of truncation error in the computer used. Our concerns are not so severe as we shall see, we are not likely to run into such drastic problems. 

A closely related test of the energy gap law for Ru complexes has come from temperature dependent lifetime and emission measurements for a series of complexes of the type RuO py I " (L py, substituted pyridines, pyrazine...). From the data, the variation in lnknr with Eem predicted by the energy gap law has been observed and it has been possible to observe the effect of changing the ligands L on the transition between the MLCT and dd states (20). 

Because of the lack of suitable standard rate of heat, smoke and toxic gas generation tests, the 1988 UK regulations are based on ignition resistance of individual materials. This contradicts the basic requirements for the fire testing of composites and of hazard related tests and as such it may be possible to develop materials which meet the requirements but which produce hazardous products. 

The 1988 Regulations should ideally be replaced by performance requirements based on composite specimens tested by hazard related tests e.g. rate of heat and smoke release when they become available. 

Firm 2 - Large. Limited facilities for in-house toxicology testing all TSCA-related testing contracted out. 

For other parameters, though, statistical analysis is just one of several considerations that include historical control data and other relevant information about the test agent and related test agents. For example, statistical analysis of a low incidence of... 

Water with dissolved salt was more likely to lead to explosions, and the water temperature was less significant. (Related tests with molten KCl-NaCl mixtures poured into water led to explosions even for deep water pools or when soluble oils were present.)... 

Reuschenbach, P. Pagga, U. Strotmann, U. A critical comparison of respirometric biodegradation tests based on OECD 301 and related test methods. Water Res. 2003, 37, 1571-1582. 

To address performance, the results of nonfunctionality tests are considered sufficient if the test and acceptance criteria are appropriate for the intended purpose. Tests described there are typically considered sufficient standards for establishing specified properties and characteristics of specified materials of construction or packaging components. For nonfunctionality tests, an applicant should provide justification for the use of the test, a complete and detailed description of how the test was performed, and an explanation of what the test is intended to establish. If a related test is available, comparative data should be provided using both methods. Supporting data should include a demonstration of the suitability of the test for its intended use and its validation. 

Waters, M.D., Stack, H.E, Brady. A.L., Lohman, P.H.M., Haroun, L. Vainio, H. (1987) Appendix 1. Activity profiles for genetic and related tests. In lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Suppl. 6, Genetic and Related Effects An Updating of Selected lARC Monographs from Volumes 1 to 42, Lyon, lARC, pp. 687-696... 

A related test method (ASTM D-5368) describes the standard procedures for gravimetricafly determining the total nonvolatile and semivolatile organic content of solvent extracts from soils or solid wastes. As written, the test method is used after a solvent extract is obtained from a soil or solid waste. For these methods to be applicable, the extraction solvent must have a boiling point less than that of water at ambient pressure. Again, the total solvent extractable content (TSEC) of a soil, sediment, sludge, or solid waste depends on the solvent and method used for the extraction. 

Related Tests. Related tests include tests based on reverse mutations, as in the Ames test, as well as tests based on forward mutations. Examples include ... 

Related Tests. Many tests related to the two types of eukaryote-mutation tests are discussed earlier in this section, and many of them are simply variations of the tests described. Two distinct classes are worthy of mention the first uses yeasts as the test organisms, and the second is the spot test for mutations in mice. 

Related Tests. Many cells exposed to test chemicals can be scored for chromosome aberrations by staining procedures followed by visual examination with the aid of the microscope. These include Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture treated in a protocol very similar to that used in the test for SCEs, bone marrow cells from animals treated in vivo, or lymphocytes from animals treated in vivo. The types of aberrations evaluated include chromatid gaps, breaks, and deletions chromosome gaps, breaks, and deletions chromosome fragments translocations and ploidy. 

A detailed description of related tests is given in [ISO 2854], Such tests may be needed to compare a mean with a given value when the variance is known, or to compare two means when the variances are known, or for other purposes. 

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