Labeling of equipment

Labeling of equipment, piping, critical valves, field instruments, switches... 

ABSTRACT Permit To Work (FTW) is a means of safety system to coordinate different work activities. However, it may be susceptible for human error. The purpose of this study was identification and analysis of human errors in PTW system using Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA) technique. The most important identified errors were inadequate isolation of process equipments, inadequate labelling of equipment, and delay in starting the work after issue the work permit, improper gas testing, inadequate site preparation measures etc. Finally for preventing and recovering from the identified errors, site work permit form and its procedure was revised. 

Other considerations for fault tree constmction are (/) assume that faults propagate through normally operating equipment. Never assume that a fault is stopped by the miraculous failure of another piece of equipment. (2) Gates are coimected through labeled fault events. The output from one gate is never coimected directly into another. 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

Minor changes do not have to be notified to the FDA by a specific supplement, but may be included in the next Armual Report. Minor changes would include editorial corrections to labelling, deletion or reduction in an ingredient intended to affect the colour, replacement of equipment with similar equipment, or the extension of shelf life based on real-time data. 

To avoid cluttering up the flow-sheet, it is not normal practice to show the service headers and lines on the process flow-sheet. The service connections required on each piece of equipment should be shown and labelled. The service requirements for each piece of equipment can be tabulated on the flow-sheet. 

The world use of economic poisons can be expanded. There are simple basic factors retarding this expansion prohibitive consumer prices, lack of equipment with which to make proper field application, lack of skilled personnel in countries needing the benefits of economic poisons, exaggerated claims of nontechnical salesmen, and difficulties involved in labeling the export products. 

To understand the importance of correct labelling of samples, chemicals and equipment. 

Before using any item of equipment, its condition must be verified as suitable for the application. If it is suitable, no problem if not, what is needed to restore it to a satisfactory condition Are there applications for which it would be suited in its current or partly restored state If the answer is no to all of these, then there is little point keeping the item, and disposal will, at least, ensure it is not used by accident. Where something can be repaired but perhaps not immediately, it must be labelled as such, e.g. defective and awaiting repair , so that it is not used by accident. 

The label should be fairly obvious and so will need to be a significant size in relation to the item of equipment. For a small item such as a thermometer, a luggage label would be suitable. For a large instrument, a larger label would be appropriate, perhaps 15 x 10 cm. In each case, some means of fixing the label in place will be necessary. The label should reference any serial numbers which uniquely identify the instrument or its separate parts. The person under whose authority the label has been issued should be identified by signature or initial, and dated. The message should be brief and clear, e.g. OUT OF SERVICE - NOT TO BE USED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE . 

The arcs connect the different nodes with each other and represent either the utilization of equipment or material flows. Material flows occur when materials are produced or consumed by tasks. All arcs are labeled by fractional numbers which describe the percentage of material transported to the successor node. The overall amounts of transported materials are products of the labels of the arcs and the batch sizes. 

A main control and annunciator panel should be installed when the fire alarm system requires more than a single alarm zone. The panel should be installed in the control room or other continuously staffed location. Separate detection zones should be provided for each distinct fire area and identified by a permanent label. A detailed map of the area should also be provided at the annunciator that identifies which zone relates to which annunciator lamp. Systems with more than ten separate zones should be provided with an electric or electroniczone "mimic" panel showingthe location of all alarms on the graphic display of the platform. Basic arrangements of equipment and system design should be in accordance with NFPA 72. A locked main fire panel and control cabinet should be provided. 

SOPs detailing step-by-step operational procedures for specific items of equipment (e.g. autoclaves, homogenizers, freeze-dryers, pH meters, product labelling machines, etc.) ... 

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is applied only to equipment. It is used to determine how equipment could fail, the effect of the failure, and the likelihood of failure. There are three steps in an FMEA (4) (7) define the purpose, objectives, and scope. Large processes are broken down into smaller systems such as feed or cooling. At first, the failures are only considered to affect the system. In a more general study, the effects on a plant-wide basis can be considered. (2) Define the problem and boundary conditions. This includes identifying the system to be studied, establishing the physical boundaries, and labeling the equipment with a unique identifier for use in the FMEA procedure. (3)... 

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