Battery Standardization

Cold crank performance, battery life expectancy, and freedom from maintenance are generally co-affected by the separators, whereas ampere-hour capacity remains largely unaffected at a given separator thickness. The properties of the different leaf and pocket separators are compared in Table 10. These typical separator properties (lines 1-4) are reflected in the electrical results of battery tests (lines 5-8). The data presented here are based on the 12 V starter battery standard DIN 43 539-02 tests based on other standards lead to similar results. 

Fig. 4.25 Ragone plot comparing the internal combustion engine with the ZEBRA battery and fuel cells (very approximate). [The plot was introduced for comparing batteries (standardized to a weight of 300 kg) to include the performances of engines and fuel cells in a meaningful way their masses, together with the fuel carried, should be standardized to 300 kg.].

Fig. 6 Charge profile (current, voltage, and capacity) of Panasonic s CGR 18650A Li-ion battery (standard capacity 2000 mA hr). (From Ref.P l)...

Fig. 7 Voltage-current profile at constant power discharge of Panasonic cylindrical CGR18650HG Li-ion batteries (standard capacity 1800 mA hr). (From Ref.. ) (View this art in color at www.dekker.com.)...

As a rule, national battery standards stipulate only Pb purity grade of 99.99% without specifying the type and amount of allowable impurities. The specific infiuence of additives to and impurities in lead alloys has been in the focus of attention of many researchers [6—12]. Table 4.3 summarises tbe maximum allowable impurity levels for both primary and secondary lead for battery use [10]. Secondary lead comes from recycling batteries after purification. Lead of the purity grade presented in Table 4.3 can be used for the manufacture of leady oxide and lead alloys for both positive and negative grids. 

The International Electrochemical Commission (lEC) is the designated organization responsible for standardization in the field of electricity, electronics, and related technologies. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) serves as the administrator of the voluntary battery standardization system in the United States and is the US representative in the lEC. The minimum... 

Wicelinski S (2011) Battery standardization. In Reddy T, Linden D (eds) Linden s handbook of batteries, 4th edn. McGraw Hill, New York... 

In other countries 48-V and 72-V batteries are more popular and standardized. So it was necessary to complete the line of battery standards with DIN 43 531 for the 48-V traction batteries to conform to the two other above-mentioned standards for 24 and 80 V. 

The selection of materials handling equipment should always include the right selection of the battery, especially when the user is the one who will order the batteries and the replacement batteries. Standardized batteries are cheaper and have shorter delivery times compared with specially designed batteries. This goes not only for the cells, but also for the trays. Here the vehicle suppliers often offer sophisticated solutions. To avoid extra costs for replacement the user should not accept such design. 

The standardization of batteries started in 1912, when a committee of the American Electrochemical Society recommended standard methods of testing dry cells. This eventually led to the first national publication in 1919 issued as an appendix to a circular from the National Bureau of Standards. It further evolved into the present American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Accredited Standards Committee CIS on Portable Cells and Batteries. Since then, other professional societies have developed battery related standards. Many battery standards were also issued by international, national, military, and federal organizations. Manufacturers associations, trade associations, and individual manufacturers have published standards as well. Related application standards, published by the Underwriters Laboratories, the International Electrotechnical Commission, and other organizations that cover battery-operated equipment may also be of interest. 

Table 4.1a to d lists some of the widely known standards for batteries. Standards covering the safety and regulation of batteries are listed in Table 4.11. 

The lEC sponsors the development and publication of standard documents. This development is carried out by working groups of experts from participating countries. These experts represent consumer, user, producer, academia, government, and trade and professional interests in the consensus development of these standards. The Groups of Experts in lEC working on battery standards are ... 

Table 4.1 lists the ANSI battery standards. When feasible, the two groups harmonize the requirements in their standards. 

The documentation for standardization of rechargeable batteries is not as complete as the documentation for primary batteries. Most of the primary batteries are used in a variety of portable applications, using user-replaceable batteries. Hence, the need for primary battery standards to insure interchangeability. Developing such standards have been active projects by both lEC and ANSI for many years. 

Table 4.8 lists some of the more popular ANSI battery standards and cross-references to the international standard publications for primary and secondary batteries. 

TABLE 14.20 Characteristics of Larger Li/Mn02 Batteries. Standard Type C/20 Rate at Room Temperature to 2.0 V Cut-off. High-Rate Type C/10 Rate at Room Temperature to a 2.0 V Cut-off... 

See also Tables 4.1(a)-(d) for a list of organizations preparing battery standards and Table 37.8, Organizations with Major Development Projects on Rechargeable Batteries for EVs/HEVs and/or Electrie Utility Storage. ... 

Table 50.19 Chloride Automolive Batteries standard (non-maintenance-free)nnge cf commercial vehicle batteries... 

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