Generator Standards

Article 6, Chapter 30, Division 4, Title 22, California Code of Regulations (CCR) details requirements with which all generators of hazardous waste must ordinarily comply. These requirements include the following  

Prepare a manifest for all off-site shipments of hazardous waste. 

Prepare and submit biennial reports covering generator activities of the previous year with respect to hazardous waste. 

Comply with requirements for generators who accumulate hazardous wastes outsite, pending off-site shipment within 90 days. 

Ship hazardous wastes off-site within 90 days or obtain a hazardous waste storage facility permit from DHS and comply with other requirements applicable to facility operators. 

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While a detailed treatment is beyond the scope of this section, a few of the organizations which generate standards of major importance to the chemical-process industries in the United States are Fisted here. An excellent overview is presented in the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (3ded., Wiley, New York, 1978-1980). 

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This organization is engaged in generating standards for worldwide use. It has 80 member nations. 

Additional savings from next generation standards or from additional products are likely. For virtually all products that have had efficiency regulations, new technologies became available follotving the implementation of the standards that were not available before, and in some cases were not even foreseeable. 

Any person importing hazardous waste into the United States from a foreign country is subject to hazardous waste generator standards. RCRA also contains specific requirements for hazardous waste exports. Importers and exporters must also comply with the provisions of international trade treaties, such as the Basel Convention and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Council Decision. 

These values were plotted against known log P values to generate standard curves such as those shown in Figure 6.43. The standard curves were then used to predict log P of the unknown compound. Results appear in Table 6.7. The slight variation (2%) between the values predicted by the two methods is reasonable within experimental error limits. 

The ENZYME database (Bairoch, 1996) is also used to generate standardized description lines for enzyme entries and to allow information such as catalytic activity, cofactors, and relevant keywords to be taken from ENZYME and to be added automatically to TrEMBL entries. Additionally, specialized databases such as FlyBase (FlyBase Consortium, 1999) and MGD (Blake et al., 1999) are used to transfer information such as the correct gene nomenclature and cross references to these databases into TrEMBL entries. The automatic analysis and annotation of TrEMBL entries are redone and updated every TrEMBL release. 

TABLE 7-6. First versus second generation standard antidepressants acute treatment... 

The volume of gas produced during an explosion will provide information on the amount of work done by the explosive. In order to measure the volume of gas generated standard conditions must be established, because the volume of gas will vary according to the temperature at which the measurement is taken. These standard conditions also enable comparisons to be made between one explosive and another. The standard conditions set the temperature at 0 °C or 273 K, and the pressure at 1 atm. These conditions are known as standard, temperature and pressure , stp . Under these standard conditions one mole of gas will occupy 22.4 dm3, which is known as the molar gas volume. The volume of gas V produced from an explosive during detonation can be calculated from its equation of decomposition, where information can be obtained on the amount of gaseous products liberated. Examples for the calculation of V during detonation of RDX and TNT are given below. 

The operations of the British Standards Institution (BSI) will be outlined which, apart from being of particular interest to those trading in Britain, serves to illustrate how the process of generating standards at a national level can be undertaken. BSI is one of the longest established and most highly rated of national standards bodies. Many other countries operate in a roughly similar manner but others will be totally different American standards are also considered, not only because of the importance and widespread use of ASTM standards, but to illustrate some of the differences in approach. 

Prepare GC vials to generate standard curves for 5a-cholestane, cholesterol, coprostanol, and lathosterol. Put appropriate amounts of standard from the ethanol stocks into GC vials, dry, and resuspend in 100 pi hexane. Sensitivity varies between instruments but 0.3-10 pg (in halflog steps) is a good initial range. Also prepare vials of the various phytosterols (see Section 2.8) to verify peak identification and sufficient separation between peaks to be quantitated (see Note 5). Determine area under the curve (AUC) for all peaks of interest. 

Reporting of laboratory data is performed by the system report generator. Standard and ad-hoc reports are provided. The standard reports, designed to meet regulatory requirements for documentation, verification and control, are difficult to change whereas ad-hoc reports can be changed easily on-line. 

Indirect Enzyme Immunoassays. Picloram standards in Pi buffer were used to generate standard curves for comparison of two indirect EIA procedures in which polyconal and monoclonal antibodies were used, respectively. A linear relation between the log of picloram concentration and relative absorbance (A/A0) was found in the range 5 to 5000 ng/mL for the polyclonal assay and 1 to 200 ng/mL for the monoclonal assay (Figure 2). The monoclonal assay, therefore, had a standard curve with a much steeper slope compared to the polyclonal assay. Typical coefficient of determination values (r ) were 0.97 for the monoclonal assay and 0.95 for the polyclonal assay. 

A quantitative Amp-RT assay is a useful laboratory tool for several applications, including the determination of HIV-1 levels in culture supernatant or biological fluids (e.g., plasma and serum), and the study of HIV-1 RT susceptibility to RT inhibitors. The authors describe a quantitative Amp-RT assay for measuring RT activity of HIV-1. Quantitation is based on a calibration curve made by external standards. The standards used can be known numbers of HI V-1 particles (from 10,000 to 1) or known numbers of HIV-1 RT molecules. Virion numbers of an HIV-1 stock can be easily determined from the concentration of p24 antigen on the basis of 10 4 pg of p24 antigen per virion as previously estimated (5). Alternatively, the virion numbers can be determined by RT-PCR analysis or by electron microscopy. HIV-1 RT with a well-characterized specific activity and known p66/p51 protein content can also be used to generate standard curves with known numbers of RT molecules. Commercially... 

Based on the structure-related addition schemes for the thermal properties, it should, for example, be possible to quantitatively generate differential scanning calorimetry curves for polymers, copolymers and their mixtures. With easy access to the data bank, it should be possible for thermal analysts to compare their newly measured DSC curves with the computer generated standard curves for on-line analysis of macromolecules. 

After the model-predicted ratios of average AUC and C , in the populations were calculated, assessing PK similarity typically requires obtaining 90% confldence intervals for the ratios. The NONMEM-generated standard errors would be indicative but were known to be only approximate (17). Another estimate less dependent on distributional assumptions was obtained by using bootstrap to calculate the 90% confidence intervals. 

The confidence intervals were constructed from bootstrap runs that included 108 runs with failed covariance that is, NONMEM was unable to generate standard errors of parameter estimates. Arguments could be made to include or exclude these runs in the analysis. Excluding these runs did not result in noticeable change of the results (i.e., changes on the confidence bounds <0.0005). Note also that a successful implementation of the NONMEM covariance step has no influence on the estimation of the geometric mean parameters. In retrospect, the analysis plan should prespecify whether such runs would be included, for the sake of rigorousness. 

XQuery (XML Query) Flexible query facilities used to extract data from real and virtual documents by way of XML notation in a file system or on the World Wide Web. XQuery consequently provides interaction and data exchange between the web world and the database world and ultimately enables collections of XML files to be accessed like databases. The XML Query project of the W3C Consortium includes not only the standard for querying XML documents but also the next-generation standards for doing XML selection (XPath2), for XML serialization, for full-text search, for a possible functional XML data model, and for a standard set of functions and operators for manipulating web data. 

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