Standards organizations Standardization

International Standardization Organization, Standard 17025, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories, 1999... 

D65, daylight, with a CCT of 6500K is defined by the CIE. The International Standards Organization Standard ISO 10977 (1993) refers to this fact. D65 is also known as D6500 or Standard Illuminant D by the CIE, represents daylight over the spectral range 300 to 830 nm was first adopted in 1966. This standard is not a particular lamp but an internationally agreed to spectral power distribution for solar radiation, issued by the CIE as "Technical Report, Solar Irradiance," first edition... 

The financial burden cannot be laid on the laboratories but on the standardization organizations. Standardized test methods must be considered sufficiently validated for their intended application ranges. If they are not, they should be withdrawn. 

Fitting its commitment to safety and reliability, a formal validation process exists based on an ISO (International Standards Organization) standard (ISO 1999). Ada is the only language for which such a validation standard exists. An Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite (ACATS) (ACAA 2005) has been developed for this conformity testing, which exercises both the compiler and the run-time system. 

The older definition of nonwovens in ISO (International Standardization Organization) standards actually describes what the product is not, rather than trying to define what a nonwoven is a new definition of nonwoven in BS (British Standard) EN ISO reads as follows ... 

Document Engineering Company (DECO) (1958- ), www.doceng.com (accessed August 6, 2010). This vendor has been a source since 1958 for current and historical standards from U.S. government, industry, and international standards organizations. Standards may be ordered individually or through a subscription. 

Comparison of the performance characteristics of different membranes can be difficult because different test methods are sometimes used to measure tiie same property. In the UK membrane testing should be xmdertaken following the methods in British or European standards (BS or EN). It is common to see test data using American standards (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)) but these results are not directly comparable with data from British or European standard tests. The only exception to this is where a standard is an ISO (International Standards Organization) standard which is recognised internationally. 

Enthalpies are referred to the ideal vapor. The enthalpy of the real vapor is found from zero-pressure heat capacities and from the virial equation of state for non-associated species or, for vapors containing highly dimerized vapors (e.g. organic acids), from the chemical theory of vapor imperfections, as discussed in Chapter 3. For pure components, liquid-phase enthalpies (relative to the ideal vapor) are found from differentiation of the zero-pressure standard-state fugacities these, in turn, are determined from vapor-pressure data, from vapor-phase corrections and liquid-phase densities. If good experimental data are used to determine the standard-state fugacity, the derivative gives enthalpies of liquids to nearly the same precision as that obtained with calorimetric data, and provides reliable heats of vaporization. 

Because of their diversity and complexity as well as the gradual internationalization of the different standards, it has proven necessary to standardize the methods of sample preservation, handling, fractionation, and analysis throughout the chain of separation and treatment. All these stages are the object of precise protocols established by official national and international organizations. They describe in as minute detail as possible the procedures employed not only for each analysis but very often giving different procedures for the same analysis in different matrices. These are the standards or standardized methods discussed in Chapter 7. 

For pure organic materials, it is also possible to calculate the heating value starting from the heats of formation found in tables of thermodynamic data. The NHV is obtained using the general relation of thermochemistry applicable to standard conditions of pressure and temperature (1 bar and 25°C)) f 9j... 

In the standard method, the metal enclosure (called the air chamber) used to hold the hydrocarbon vapors is immersed in water before the test, then drained but not dried. This mode of operation, often designated as the wet bomb" is stipulated for all materials that are exclusively petroleum. But if the fuels contain alcohols or other organic products soluble in water, the apparatus must be dried in order that the vapors are not absorbed by the water on the walls. This technique is called the dry bomb" it results in RVP values higher by about 100 mbar for some oxygenated motor fuels. When examining the numerical results, it is thus important to know the technique employed. In any case, the dry bomb method is preferred. 

This heading covers such a large number of products and applications that it is difficult to give a complete inventory. For this reason the standards organizations, starting with ISO (International Organization for Standardization ), have published a series of standards to classify these products. 

The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

The terms standards and specifications are constantly confused and interchanged in everyday use. The general opinion is that they are synonymous yet these two terms cover different concepts. Therefore, they — as well as the organizations that are responsible for their development — need to be defined. 

Moreover, it is useful to distinguish between the standards prepared by the official standards organizations and the professional standards. The former s mission is to ensure that the conditions of the consensus of the widest assemblage of interested parties are followed. The professional standards are prepared by recognized professional organizations but limit the consensus to only the participating organizations. 

In the same way that standards either can be limited to a consensus between professionals or they can be official, the standards organizations can be either professional or official. 

In spite of their authority and international prestige, these institutes are not the official standards organizations, and participation in their work is restricted to those who have paid the membership fees. 

The accreditation of a standard is an official act (signed by the Ministry of Industry in France). To prepare standards, governments have mandated private organizations which are responsible for continuously following the rules to reach a mciximum consensus. There is only one such organization per country. They are, moreover, grouped at the European and international levels. 

At the international level, the official organization is the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries, the lEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 

At the European level, the national organizations from both the EU (European Union, formerly the EEC) and the EETA (European Free Trade Association) are grouped in the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries CENELEC. The standards published by these two organizations have authority in all EU countries as well as the EFTA countries who have voted their approval, which means that these standards have replaced their corresponding national standards. 

Among the official standards organizations are in France, AFNOR (Association Frangaise de Normalisation)-, in the United Kingdom, BSI (British... 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

All these organizations have developed numerous working procedures, with very little difference between each other. These procedures seem at first heavy and cumbersome, but following them allows a consensus to be reached. Thus, for example, free access for all to the standardization commissions work is guaranteed, and the existence of lobbies is avoided. 

Ammonia may be estimated by dissolving the gas in a known volume of standard acid and then back-titrating the excess acid. In a method widely used for the determination of basic nitrogen in organic substances (the Kjeldahl method), the nitrogenous material is converted into ammonium sulphate by heating with concentrated sulphuric acid. The ammonia is then driven off by the action of alkali and absorbed in standard acid. 

Zincill) chloride. ZnCl2, is the only important halide—it is prepared by standard methods, but cannot be obtained directly by heating the hydrated salt. It has a crystal lattice in which each zinc is surrounded tetrahedrally by four chloride ions, but the low melting point and solubility in organic solvents indicate some covalent... 

The Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) was introduced in 1946, in order to organize and to systematically describe the cornucopia of compounds in a more concise manner. A line notation represents a chemical structure by an alphanumeric sequence, which significantly simplifies the processing by the computer [9-11], (n many cases the WLN uses the standard symbols for the chemical elements. Additionally, functional groups, ring systems, positions of ring substituents, and posi-... 

Scientific, and especially chemical, information is becoming increasingly available on the Internet. This has the advantage that the information is accessible to other users. Additionally, the data formats (HTML, PDF, GIF, etc.) that are used are restricted to the most important ones to provide standards that are readable worldwide. Unfortunately, however, much of the information on the Internet is not reviewed or verified by other organizations as is the case in the primary literature. Thus, the quality of the information is extremely variable. 

Introduction. When only very small quantities of organic materials are available their manipulation must necessarily be carried out on a correspondingly small scale. This occurs frequently in research problems, but small-scale preparative work is often of value to the student because considerable economy of materials and of time can be achieved. It is emphasised, however, that the proper training for the organic chemist must rest upon the correct understanding and thorough practice of the manipulations on the macro-scale already described, and that he should consider small-scale work as a sequel to and not as a replacement of the above standard techniques. 

This complete preparation entails four consecutive intermediate preparations each illustrating a standard reaction in organic chemistry. 

The method is general for all organic halogen compounds and is the standard method for almost all such compounds, except of course... 

Take the Final Function Value of TINKER as the steric energy for this calculation. Compare the results with each other and with a standard value from a good elementar-y organic chemistry text (e.g., Ege, 1994). Calculate for the reaction cis trans and compare it with a standard text and with Kistiakowsky s original value. Kistiakowsky s original work was carried out at 355 K, but the temperature difference between 298 K and 355 K cancels for this isomerization. 

A flask is provided with a long side neck (Fig. II, 25, 1) through which a capillary is inserted and attached externally by a short length of rubber pressure tubing. With this type of connexion there is essentially no contact of hot vapours with the rubber and little or no contamination results. The neck of the flask is preferably fitted with a standard ground joint if attack of the organic vapours on the rubber stopper is likely to occur. 

To determine the exact peroxide content of benzoyl peroxide (and of other organic peroxides) the following procedure may be employed. Place about 0 05 g. of the sample of peroxide in a glass-stoppered conical flask add 5-10 ml. of acetic anhydride (A.R. or other pure grade) and 1 g. of powdered sodium iodide. Swirl the mixture to dissolve the sodium iodide and allow the solution to stand for 5-20 minutes. Add 50-75 ml. of water, shake the mixture vigorously for about 30 seconds, and titrate the liberated iodine with standard sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as indicator. 

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