Specification, specifications British Standards, International

National standards. British Standards, DIN (Deutsche Industries Normung, from Germany) and ASTM/AISI (American Society for Testing of Materials/American Iron and Steel Institute) are those in most common use for metallic materials. It is always preferable to select a material for which national or international specifications exist. Many materials, including steels and the... 

Many modern British Standards are closely linked to the specifications laid down by the International Standardisation Organisation based in Geneva in the above example the relevant reference is to ISO 384-1978.7... 

The recognised body in the United Kingdom for the preparation of specifications for quality, performance or dimensions, methods of test, definitions and symbols, codes of practice, etc. British Standards are prepared under the guidance of representative committees and are widely circulated before they are authorised for publication. BSI co-operates in preparing international standards for rubber and plastics through ISO/TC45 and ISO/TC61 respectively. See ISO. 

Very often (since a melt process is to be used) a material for injection moulding or extrusion will be subjected in advance to one or more tests of flow at different temperatures, using relevant equipment and methods from British and international standards or other specifications. 

Fire-Rated Valves that handle flammable fluids may have additional safety-related requirements for minimal external leakage, minimal internal (downstream) leakage, and operability during and after a fire. Being fire-rated does not mean being totally impervious to fire, but a sample valve must meet particular specifications such as those of American Petroleum Institute (API) 607, Factory Mutual Research Corp. (FM) 7440, or the British Standard 5146 under a simulated fire test. Due to very high flame temperature, metal seating (either primary or as a backup to a bumed-out elastomer) is mandatory. 

Chapter 10 discussed test methods of interest in cellular plastics and related materials from a general point of view and listed industry, government, British and International (ISO) standards in a number of relevant subject areas. This chapter will list published specifications (139) and test methods (116) used in the United States, in addition to British Standards (28) and ISO International Standards (40). United States industry standards inlcude ASTM Test Methods (116), ASTM Practices, Guides, Definitions, Terminologies and Abbreviations (24), ASTM Specifications (23), SAE-AMS Specifications (25), and Underwriters Laboratories Standards (1). U.S. Government standards covered include Military Specifications (67), Military Standards (S), Federal Standards (2), Military Handbooks (6), and Federal Specifications (24). Most of these standards are undergoing frequent revision and unused standards are constantly being withdrawn. A total of 361 standards are covered. 

Chapter 10 on test methods is an expansion of the listings of standard test methods presented in Chapter 11. The first section of this chapter lists, in alphabetic order, 130 properties of cellular plastics and elastomers and tabulates the standard test methods used for each. Only number designations are given. The second section is a somewhat detailed discussion, also in alphabetical order, of 22 foam properties tested by standard test methods. The third section is a brief invited presentation of several non-standardized test methods currently in use. Chapter 11 on standardization documents lists published specifications, test methods and other related standards used in the U.S., in addition to British standards and ISO International Standards. A total of 361 standards are covered. A glossary of 221 terms is included. 

Parallel to the development of ISO 14001 1996 - Environmental Management Systems - several organizations developed guides, draft specifications, and requirements for occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMSs). Most of this development has been done by management system registrars with the expectation that an OHSMS be accepted and issued by a national or internationally accredited standards body, that is, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), British Standards, and so on. 

Chemical tests such as acetone extraction, chloroform extraction, potassium hydroxide extraction, free sulfur, total sulfur and combined sulfur are done to find out the ingredients mixed in the rubber. Most of the physical and chemical tests and their methods are given in standard specifications, such as those published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the British Standards Institution (BSI), in addition to other national and international specifications. 

The Blue Guide is the only one of the pivotal regulatory documents that is particular to sterile products ( Sterile Medical Devices and Surgical Products ). In its 1990 revision, it has adopted the principles, style, and content of International (ISO 9000 to 9004), European (EN 29000 to 29004), and British Standards Organizations (BS S750) requirements for integrated quality assurance systems. Additional requirements specific to sterile products are included. 

Figure 10.11 A Masuri Vision X-line cricket helmet designed to meet new British Standard (BS) 7928 2013 Specification for Head Protectors for Cricketers. The face guard and peak is designed to deflect the ball upward to avoid contact with the face. The outer shell is comprised of a sandwiched liner composed of a hard internal and external shell with foam in between.

Association), NSPA (National Soybean Processors Association), CGSB (the Canadian Government Specification Board) and the American Fats and Oils Association. Examples of the specifications for a few of the major oil types are set out in Table 5.2. The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission have published Recommended International Standards for individual oils, and national standards bodies, for example the British Standards Institute, issue specifications. 

There are a large number of standard test methods available for paints to ensure that specific performance criteria are met. The most widely used standards originate from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), British Standards Institution (BSI), Deutsche Institut fiir Normung (DIN), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The methods used will depend on the paint type and intended application. A selection of methods is described below that are likely to be used for water-based coatings. 

The use of systems and procedural control of specific functions within an organisation was first developed around quality management, specifically quality assurance. The pioneering system was developed by the British Standards Institute or BSI. The system for quality assurance was known by its BSI reference code of 5750. It was later transferred to a European standard in the form of EN 2900 and recognised on an international basis as ISO (International Standards Organisation) 9000. The fundamental procedures first conceived under BS 5750 have now been adapted to encompass environmental issues. This new standard is again... 

Commercial essential oils are required to comply with sets of standards and specifications published by standards organizations such as International Standards Organization (ISO), British Standards, Essential Oil Association of USA, American Society for Testing and Materials, German DIS Standards, French AFNOR Standards, and so on, or pharmacopoeias or codices such as European Pharmacopoeia (Pharm. Eur.) (see Table 9.2 (29)), British Pharmacopoeia (BP), Deutsche Arzneibuch, Pharmacopoeia of the United States (USP), Food Chemicals Codex, Codex Alimentarius, and so on (1, 4, 6, 10). A full list of essential oil standards can be obtained from ISO (30). 

In Great Britain the British Standards Institution (2 Park Street, London W.l) is the body responsible for the preparation and promulgation of standards. These are listed in numerical order with a brief abstract of each in the BSI Yearbook, which also includes British Standard Codes of Practice and the publications of international organizations. It has a subject index. New standards are listed in the monthly BSI News. Sectional lists are also issued of standards in specific fields. PD 3457 is entitled British Standards of Indirect Interest to the Chemical Engineering Industry. 

The International Electrochemical Commission (lEC) have prepared a battery standards specification EEC Publication 86 Primary Cells and Batteries, Parts 1 and 2, 1975. The relevant British Standard is BS 397. Both are available from the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London WlA 2BS. 

Standards are grouped by their originating authority BS for British standards, EN for the European standards office, and ISO for the international standards organization (into the last of which all other national or regional standards are very slowly being included). The specification number is usually completed by the year of issue. 

A number of international standards have been published which give specific test mix recipes and evaluation procedures for particular polymers. These are recorded in references 2-11 and similar British and ASTM methods also exist. These standards refer to the general test methods and standard methods of preparation which are discussed below but include additional detail relevant to the polymer in question. They also include very limited testing on the vulcanisates. The main purpose of these standards is to provide a basis for comparison and evaluation of particular polymers as regards their processing and vulcanisation characteristics their scope does not extend to the general physical properties of vulcanisates. 

The British equivalent to ISO 2781 is BS 903 Part Al2 which is identical to the international method. Rather surprisingly, ASTM does not appear to have a specific method for density at the present time. There is, however, a section on density in the standard on chemical analysis of rubber products, D2973, which briefly gives methods by pycnometer, hydrostatic weighing and a compressed volume densimeter. The weighing method does not mention the use of a sinker for densities less than 1. There is also a method for density of rubber chemicals, D1817)4, which uses the pycnometer method and, interestingly, specifies a vacuum pump to remove air before the measurement.. 

There are no ISO, ASTM or British fire test method standards specifically for solid mbbers and there is no active fire test work being pursued in TC 45. There are, however, a number of published international test methods for cellular materials and plastics, the majority of which could be applied to rubbers. A comprehensive account of fire testing of plastics has been given by Paul in the Handbook of Polymer Testing81. There may be fire resistance requirements for particular rubber products and some examples were given by Schultz110. 

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