During operations

Burst load This is the internal pressure the casing will be exposed to during operations... 

The land under the facilities may also have to be reconditioned if pollutants have been allowed to escape during operation. The return of industrial sites to green field conditions has proved very expensive for many companies in the USA, and a number of law suits are currently outstanding, brought by local authorities and environmental groups. 

While adjusting the machine for its job the limits of the current for magnetizing the part have to be fixed as well as the magnetization time. During operation the machine will control for each part that the current-flow through the part and the time will be appropriate for a good magnetization. This is controlled by a hall sensor installed into the switch cabinet. 

Cylindrica.1 Element Filters. These filters, often referred to as candle filters, have cylindrical elements or sleeves mounted vertically and suspended from a header sheet, which divides the filter vessel into two separate compartments (Fig. 16). The filtration takes place on the outside of the sleeves. The inlet is usually in the bottom section of the vessel and the filtrate oudet in the top section above the header sheet. A less usual design is to locate the filtrate outlet at the bottom of the elements and thus allow the top chamber to be opened for each inspection of the elements during operation. 

Another possibiUty is to enclose only the working, top part of the horizontal belt in a pressure vessel and pass the belt through the sides of the vessel. The operation must be intermittent because the belt cannot be dragged over the support surface with the pressure on, and the entrance and exit ports for the belt must be sealed during operation to prevent excessive losses of air. The movement of the belt is intermittent and is synchronized with decompression in the vessel therefore, the entire vessel volume must be depressurized in every cycle and this is wasteful. There is also an inevitable downtime. There are no problems with discharging the cake because this is done at atmospheric pressure. 

The composite conductor is typically wound in the form of a cable, which can be cooled either internally by a forced belium flow or externally by immersion in a pool of belium. Large electromagnetic body forces, up to 500 t/m, are experienced by the conductor during operation. These are contained by a massive external stmcture, although designs have been proposed in which the conductor itself serves as its own force containment stmcture (126). 

The bulk stmcture of the catalyticaHy active phase is not completely known and is under debate in the Hterature (125,131—133). The central point of controversy is whether (Valone or in combination with other phases is the most catalyticaHy active for the conversion of butane to maleic anhydride. The heart of this issue concerns the role of stmctural disorder in the bulk and how it arises in the catalyst (125,134,135). Most researchers agree that the catalysts with the highest activity and selectivity ate composed mainly of (Vthat exhibits a clustered or distorted platelet morphology (125). It is also generaHy acknowledged that during operation of the catalyst, the bulk oxidation state of the vanadium in the catalyst remains very close to the +4 valence state (125). 

Space technology has always demanded materials that can operate at temperatures between those of superaHoys and refractory metals and that have high temperature strength during operation and room temperature ductility for fabrication. The development of dispersion-strengthened and oxide alloy systems has solved part of this problem. 

The stainless steel plates are separated (ca 3 pm between) by nonabsorbent vulcanized gaskets. Various profiles and configurations, including raised knobs, crescents, channels, or diamonds, provide a rapid, uniform heat-transfer plate surface. During operation the plates must be pressed together to provide a seal, and mounted and coimected in such a manner that air is eliminated and that the product drains from the plates without opening. 

The third control is by use of a fixed burnable poison. This consists of rods containing a mixture of aluminum oxide and boron carbide, included in the initial fuel loading using the vacant spaces in some of the fuel assembhes that do not have control clusters. The burnable poison is consumed during operation, causing a reactivity increase that helps counteract the drop owing to fuel consumption. It also reduces the need for excessive initial soluble boron. Other reactors use gadolinium as burnable poison, sometimes mixed with the fuel. 

In the startup of a reactor, it is necessary to have a source of neutrons other than those from fission. Otherwise, it might be possible for the critical condition to be reached without any visual or audible signal. Two types of sources are used to supply neutrons. The first, appHcable when fuel is fresh, is califomium-252 [13981-174-Jwhich undergoes fission spontaneously, emitting on average three neutrons, and has a half-life of 2.6 yr. The second, which is effective during operation, is a capsule of antimony and beryUium. Antimony-123 [14119-16-5] is continually made radioactive by neutron... 

During operation, KCl is melted and introduced through a trap to the column. Molten sodium is fed to the bottom of the column. The lower portion of the column serves as a reactor, the upper portion as a fractionator. Potassium vapor is fractionated and condensed in an air-cooled condenser with the reflux pumped back to the top of the column. Waste sodium chloride is continuously removed from the bottom of the column through a trap. 

---