General Methods of Testing

There are several general standards such as terminology, lists of technical characteristics of adhesives, methods of preparing test specimen, sampling methods, etc. These standards exist in CEN, ASTM and ISO (refer to the annex List of standards at the end of Volume 5), for instance, ASTM D 907 Terminology of Adhesives. 

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DIN 53199 Bestimmung der Olzahl (Spatelverfahren). ISO 787 T5 General methods of testing for pigments and extenders, Part 5 Determination of oil absorption value. 

DIN 53 197 Bestimmung des Gehaltes an wasserloslichen Anteilen. ISO 787-8-1983 General methods of test for pigments and extenders, Part 8 Determination of matter soluble in water - cold extraction method. 

DIN 53 208 Bestimmung der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit und des spezifischen Widerstandes von waBrigen Pigment-Extrakten. ISO 787-14-1985 General methods of test for pigments, Part 14 Determination of resistivity of aqueous extract. 

DIN 53 207 TI, T2 Bestimmung des Gehaltes an wasserloslichen Sulfaten, Chloriden und Ni-traten. ISO 787-13-1984 General methods of testing for pigments, Part 13 Determination of water-soluble sulphates, chlorides and nitrates. 

General methods of testing. Some general principles involved in sample preparation and the test array are described in the methods outlined below ... 

PN-EN 665 2000 Resilient floor coverings - Determination of exudation of plasticizers PN-EN ISO 1043-3 2001 Plastics - Symbols and abbreviated terms - Part 3 Plastieizers PN-C-04406 1998 Pigments - General methods of test - Determination of fastness on water, organic solvents, oil and plasticizers... 

Methods of testing for eye and skin irritation potential have been reviewed (137). The official FHSA procedure for evaluating ocular irritation potential of detergent products is a modified Drai2e rabbit eye test (138). Some controversy surrounds this method at present, and a search for a procedure less injurious to test animals is in progress. In general, the order of irritation is cationic > anionic > nonionic (139). 

Fire tests on building materials and structures. Part 12 Method of test for igmtability of products by direct flame impingement. Replaced BS 476 Part 5 1979 AMD 1 Fire tests on building matenals and structures. Part 20 Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of constiaiction (general principles) (AMD 6487) dated 30 April 1990. Replaced BS 476 Part 8 1972... 

Modern measuring techniques, an increased requirement for the indoor environment, and the efficiency of filters in separating particles led to EUROVENT 4/9 1992 Method of Testing Air Filters Used In General Ventilation for the Determination of Fractional Efficiency. This method also provides the basis for the next revision or upgrade of European Standard EN 779 1999. 

Most methods of testing bond type involve the motion of nuclei. The chemical method, such as substitution at positions adjacent to a hydroxyl group in testing for double-bond character, as used in the Mills-Nixon studies, is one of these. This method gives only the resultant bond type over the period required for the reaction to take place. Since this period is much longer than that of ordinary electronic resonance, the chemical method cannot be used in general to test for the constituent structures of a resonating molecule. Only in case that the resonance frequency is very small (less than the frequencies of nuclear vibration) can the usual methods be applied to test for the constituent structures and in this case the boundary between resonance and tautomerism is approached or passed. 

When we consider the mechanical properties of polymeric materials, and in particular when we design methods of testing them, the parameters most generally considered are stress, strain, and Young s modulus. Stress is defined as the force applied per unit cross sectional area, and has the basic dimensions of N m in SI units. These units are alternatively combined into the derived unit of Pascals (abbreviated Pa). In practice they are extremely small, so that real materials need to be tested with a very large number of Pa... 

The study of isotopes makes it necessary to introduce a further refinement in the general method of solution. I have been using a test of the relative increment to adjust the time step. The relative increment is the change in a dependent variable divided by the value of that variable. This is not a useful test, however, when the value of the variable approaches zero, because the test requires progressively smaller time steps. None of the variables I considered in previous chapters has approached zero, and so there has been no problem with this test. But carbon isotope ratios of seawater have delta values near zero, and a problem may occur when calculating these values. I have modified subroutine CHECKSTEP to permit a flexible response to this situation. 

Part 3 of BS7114 is concerned with the methods of testing of fireworks and certain items of auxiliary equipment such as rocket launchers. In essence, the standard calls up chemical and physical test methods that are applied to all types of firework, from toy caps to large rockets. Fireworks that are incomplete or not intended for sale to the general public are excluded. 

General. All the tests required herein for the testing of fuel are classified as acceptance tests, for which necessary sampling tech- niques and methods of testing are specified in this section... 

Explosives for use in coal mines containing methane or ignitable coal-dust must pass a test in a testing gallery. Different procedure is used in different countries. General data on galleries and methods of testing are summarized in Table 108. 

Two general methods for testing air impurities are in use. One involves direct-reading instruments (such as thermal indicators, test paper indicators and other devices described in Ref 16, pp 245-53), the other involves removal of the impurity from a given vol of air and determination of the impurity by a suitable lab method. 

Generally speaking, however, the only satisfactory method of testing opium is to determine the quantity of morphin which it contains. 

Analysis op Waters.—Method of Testing for and Determining Nitrous and Nitric Acids.—Almost all river waters, and. especially the shallow well waters of towns, contain, variable quantities of nitrons and nitric acids generally in combination with lime, as nitrite and nitrate of that baso. Their constituents have hitherto been generally overlooked by analysts, hut on their presence and quantity the chemist may form a more correct idea as to the Contamination of the water by organic matter than by, any other means. The Editor, therefore, attaches the greatest importance to the determination of these constituents, especially when the water is selected for domestic use. 

Standards is a general term covering the documents published by a standards making body, such as the International Standards Organisation (ISO). The word specification is reserved for those standards which specify minimum requirements for materials or products. Other types of standard include Methods of Test, Glossaries of Terms, Guides and Codes of Practice. It follows that a specification may refer to several methods of test and that a commercially written specification can refer to nationally or internationally standardised test methods. 

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