Test Methods, Specifications, and Standards

Publication NMAB 318-2. Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials, Vol. 2 - Test Methods, Specifications and Standards National Academy of Sciences Washington, D. C., Technomic Publishing Co., 1979. 

KLINE—TEST METHODS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND STANDARDS FOR PLASTICS... 

Test methods, specifications, and some recommended practices are in ASTM Book of Standards. Part Hi Producer s literature gives forms, properties and design data. 

This paper surveys the domestic and foreign sources of information on developments in testing methods, specifications, and other standards pertaining to plastics. 

The rain test simulates the effects of rainfaU the hydrostatic head on the spray controls the intensity of spraying. The repeUency is rated by the weight of water that penetrates the fabric and is absorbed by a blotter mounted behind the fabric at a specific intensity of spraying (AATCC Test Methods 35 and 42 INDA Standard Test 80.2-92). 

Specifications and Standards Test Methods. Hydroxyethylcellulose is included in the Hst of materials that are in compHance with requirements of the U.S. EDA for use in adhesives and in resinous and polymeric coatings employed on the food-contact surfaces of metal, paper, or paperboard articles, and other substrates intended for use in food packaging as specified in CER 21. HEC made dispersible by cross-linking with glyoxal is cleared only as an adhesive and as a component of paper and paperboard in contact with food. It has not been cleared as a direct food additive. 

Specifications and Standards Test Methods. Ethylcellulose is cleared foi many apphcations in food and food contact under the Eedeial Eood, Dmg, and Cosmetic Act, as amended. Examples include binder in dry vitamin preparations for animal feed, coatings and inks for paper and paperboard products used in food packaging, and closures with sealing gaskets for food containers (44). Methods of analyses ate given in ASTM D914-72 (19), NationalFonmila XIV, and Food Chemicals Codex II. 

Specifications and Standards Test Methods. Pood-grade HPC products are manufactured for use in food and conform to the specifications for HPC set forth in CPR 21, Section 172.870. Pood grades of HPC also conform to the specifications for HPC as Usted in the current edition of the Food Chemicals Codex. 

Test methods specifically directed toward endocrine dismpting endpoints are still in the phase of being standardized and validated. Many in vivo and in vitro tests have been proposed for screening, and strategies for assessment of endocrine dismpters have been proposed by the WHO, OECD, US-EPA, and EU, see below. 

EN (2004a) 13528-2. Diffusive Samplers for the Determination of Concentrations of Gases and Vapors Specific Requirements and Test Methods, The British Standards Institution, London, UK. 

Thus far, quality objectives for chemical substances are derived from the most sensitive organisms in acute and chronic toxicity test batteries that determine NOEC values for different trophic levels. The pT-method similarly determines specific sample dilution levels that are devoid of adverse effects toward (micro)organisms of a standardized test battery. Common to both approaches is the more frequent use of water-column test organisms as opposed to benthic-dwelling organism that reflect more intimate contact with sediment. This practice is primarily based on the fact that standardized bioassays capable of appraising sediment porewaters and elutriates are presently more numerous than solid-phase tests for whole-sediment assessment. As more of these latter tests become developed and standardized (see Chapters 12 and 13, volume 1 of this book on amphipod and chironomid tests), their more frequent use will contribute to a better understand of the toxic effects of sediment-bound contaminants. 

Relevant ASTM specifications and standards are presented in App. G. A variety of federal and military specifications describing adhesives and test methods have been prepared. Selected government specifications are also described in App. G. Table 19.4 identifies several other sources of specifications for adhesives, sealants, and related equipment. 

This brief summary report describes the state of the art of all types of cellular materials, particularly plastics and elastomers. The report is organized in the form of a handbook and has an Introduction and sections on Types of Foams (Cellular Materials), Methods of Manufacture, Foam Properties, Solvent Cementing and Adhesive Bonding of Foams, Methods of Making Foams Conductive, and Applications. There are two Appendices, one on Standardization Documents (Test Methods, Practices and Specifications) and the other on Definitions. 

Specifications and standard test methods in pharmacopoeias ( pharmacopoeial methods ), or suitably developed specifications or test methods ( non-pharmacopoeial methods ) as approved by the national drug regulatory authority may be used. 

Do specifications and standard test methods exist for each API and excipient ... 

The USP methods contained in the monographs are considered validated. The USP states ... users of analytical methods described in USP-NF are not required to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods but merely verify their suitability for use. Recognizing the legal status of the USP and NF standards, it is essential, therefore, that proposals of new or revised compendial analytical procedures are supported by sufficient laboratory data to document their validity. The Code of Federal Regulations also recognizes that USP methods are validated. The section on laboratory records [8] states Laboratory records shall include completed data derived from all tests necessary to assure compliance with established specifications and standards,... and further states if the method employed is in the current revision of the United States Pharmacopeia [or] National Formulary... and the referenced method is not modified, a statement indicating the method and reference will suffice [8]. 

Although test methods specifically for polymers have been developed, very few are standardized, and for insulation applications, methods for insulating materials in general are normally used. Test procedures are considered in detail in Chapter 24. 

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