AFNOR standard

For code R8 it commences with a solid with the help of AFNOR standards NF T 20-035 . Handling consists in preparing mixtures of variable compositions of an oxidant to be classified as cellulose. Both substances have to have a definite particle size distribution. The composition which gives the fastest combustion on a moulding of the mixture at a distance of 20 cm is established. This speed is compared with the one of the mixture used as a reference, which has an imposed composition of barium nitrate and cellulose. If the combustion speed of the particular substance is higher than that of the reference, it will bear R8. 

AFNOR Standard Air pollution—Method of measuring odors from gaseous effluents... 

The French AFNOR Standard NFX 11-501 [18] is based on a woven wire sieve opening of 1 mm in a tenth root of ten progression of size. 

According to ISO and AFNOR standards, essential oils are defined as products obtained from raw plant material which must be isolated by physical means only. The physical methods used are distillation (steam, steam-water and water), expression (also known as cold pressing for citrus peel oils), or dry distillation of natural materials. After distillation, the essential oil is physically separated from the aqueous phase (Fig. 22.1) [20-22]. 

Essential oils obtained by SFME or HD have been evaluated olfactorily by Jean Claude Ellena (Perfurmer from Symrise, France) and Daniel Maurel (Robertet, France). Better reproduction of the natural aroma was more likely for essential oils extracted by SFME than for those extracted by hydrodistillation. Essential oils extracted by SFME and HD have also been analyzed by the AFNOR standard method to determine the usual physical properties characterizing the oils - specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, and solubility in 95% ethanol at 20 °C [20, 21]. There was no significant difference between the physical constants of essential oils obtained by SFME and HD. 

Other systems also exist including the French national system, the AFNOR standards, and on a European basis, the Association of the Industry of Juices and Nectars from Fruits and Vegetables of the European Economic Community has drawn up accepted analytical characteristics or reference standards. 

For testing plastics, a wide spectrum of national standards have been practiced worldwide— for instance, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards in the United States, Deutsches Institut fiir Normung (DIN) in Germany British Standards Institution (BSI) standards in the United Kingdom, Association Fran aise de Normalisation (AFNOR) standards in France, and Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) in Japan (Fig. 11.2). 

Analyzers with DAAP and photocolorimetry, as per AFNOR standards. 

Commercial essential oils are required to comply with sets of standards and specifications published by standards organizations such as International Standards Organization (ISO), British Standards, Essential Oil Association of USA, American Society for Testing and Materials, German DIS Standards, French AFNOR Standards, and so on, or pharmacopoeias or codices such as European Pharmacopoeia (Pharm. Eur.) (see Table 9.2 (29)), British Pharmacopoeia (BP), Deutsche Arzneibuch, Pharmacopoeia of the United States (USP), Food Chemicals Codex, Codex Alimentarius, and so on (1, 4, 6, 10). A full list of essential oil standards can be obtained from ISO (30). 

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

This method follows the ASTM D 1159 and D 2710 procedures and the AFNOR M 07-017 standard. It exploits the capacity of the double olefinic bond to attach two bromine atoms by the addition reaction. Expressed as grams of fixed bromine per hundred grams of sample, the bromine number, BrN, enables the calculation of olefinic hydrocarbons to be made if the average molecular weight of a sufficiently narrow cut is known. 

Among the official standards organizations are in France, AFNOR (Association Frangaise de Normalisation)-, in the United Kingdom, BSI (British... 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

Specifications and test methods for unleaded premium gasoline (from the standard NFEN 228 see AFNOR information document M 15-023). 

Specifications and test methods for diesel fuel (normal and severe cold grades) (from the standard NF EN 590 see AFNOR information document M15-007 and M15-022). 

Following the draft european standard [4] for type testing, quality of the detection media shall be verified on 2 reference blocks as shown in Fig. 2. On the reference block No. 1, created by Mr. Dickhaut [7], (Nr. 3 of the MTU) the indications shall be valuated by comparison with the indications of a detection medium with known quality. On reference block No. 2 (AFNOR-C A-C) the lenght of the indications shall be determined as a measure for the quality. 

The standards concerning the verification of ultrasonic equipment for non destructive testing, which are currently applicable in European countries consist in texts from different origins, such as German (DIN) British (B.S.), Italian and French (AFNOR). 

Generally speaking, lavandin oil is characterized by a lower quantity of esters, the most critical of which for odor quaUty is linalyl acetate (24). The French specification organization (AFNOR) has fixed provisional standards for both oils (17) (Table 6). 

As microwave sample preparation has evolved, standard microwave procedures have been developed and approved by numerous standard methods organisations (ASTM, AOAC International, EPA, etc.), see ref. [64]. Examples are standard test methods for carbon black/ash content (ASTM Method D 1506-97), lead analysis in direct paint samples (ASTM Method E 1645-94), etc. Table 8.15 shows some microwave ashing references (detection weight). A French AFNOR method utilises the atmospheric pressure single-mode microwave method as an alternative sample preparation procedure for Kjeldahl nitrogen determination [84], The performance of a microwave-assisted decomposition for rapid determination of glass fibre content in plastics for QC has been described [85]. 

For standardised instrumental analytical methods, i.e. biomarkers, biosensors and bioassays, there are well-established standard protocols on the national level, e.g. under Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), British Standard Institute (BSI), DIN (German Organisation for Standardisation), etc., and all those standards are formed by ISO-Working Groups and by validation studies into ISO - and CEN - Standards. Normal accredited and well-qualified laboratories should be able to perform the monitoring. 

France Norme experimentale—Odour standard, 1st draft (1982). Pollution atmospheric, methode de mesurage de l odeur d un effluent gazeux, determination du facteur de dilution au seuil de perception—X 43-101. AFNOR, Tour Europe Cedex 7, 92080 Paris. 

USA Standard Subject International ISO Germany DIN Great Britain BSI France AFNOR Japan JIS... 

Where EN standards do not yet exist, there are avaiiabie European nationai standards, e.g, AFNOR, BS, DiN, etc,... 

Quality control of fragrance and flavor substances as well as the products derived from them, comprises the comparison of sensory, analytical and if necessary, microbiological data with standards and specifications. To a large extent these have been established in official specification collections (Pharmacopoeias, ISO, AFNOR, Essential Oil Association). 

AFNOR (1982) FA-502-A-1 French Standard, Sensibilite aux Decharges Electriques, French Standards Organization, St Denis, France. 

German Standard specification German Standard Material No. American Standard AISI No./ UNS No. AFNOR No. or AFNOR NF No. Application for Additional notes... 

In spite of the universal character of the Vickers hardness tester, all three methods are used equivalently, as required. An example is a portable, battery-fed device with interchangeable Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell indenters resting on a piezoelectric crystal plate manufactured by Engineering and Scientific Equipment Ltd. (Fig. 4.3.10, Table 4.3.4). With this outfit, measurements can be carried out conforming to techniques recommended by, national and international standards (BS, ASTM, DIN, AFNOR). 

Test batteries applicable for the pT-scale employ standardized test systems and procedures recognized by standardization organizations such as AFNOR, ASTM, DIN, EN, ISO, or OECD. The level of expertise required by personnel to ensure the proper application of pT-method bioassays must therefore comply with established norms. The necessary qualification will also depend on the test system being used. 

United States Standard Sieve Series, ASTM E-ll-01 Canadian Standard Sieve Series, 8-GP-16 British Standards Institution, London, BS-410-62 Japanese Standard Specification, JI S-Z-8801 French Standard, AFNOR X-11-501 German Standard, DIN-4188... 

French Series AFNOR (1938) German series DIN (1934) Equivalent Tyler mesh number Equivalent U. S. standard mesh number... 

This chapter will look at the composition of a number of popular aromatherapy materials. There is a lot of published data describing chemical compositions. This can be found in varying degrees of complexity in the aromatherapy books and, additionally, from a number of bodies such as ISO (International Organization for Standardization), RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials), IFRA (International Fragrance Association), AFNOR (Association Franchise de Normalisation) and the BP (British Pharmacopoeia). 

The organizations encountered when examining the composition of essential oils include the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), the International Fragrance Association (IFRA), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) and the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). There is some overlap between recommendations for usage and safety by these bodies. The background and roles of RIFM and IFRA are described in the next chapter in relation to safety. 

Based in France and sometimes referred to as the Norme Franchise, AFNOR covers a wide range of services and goods with 17 major standardization programmes (GPNs). Each programme is piloted by a strategic orientation committee (COS) that is responsible for defining priorities, activities and cooperation within that area. 

AFNOR publishes monographs on a number of essential oils relating to the chemical composition of a number of standard oils. Compositions are presented as a percentage range for the main (approximately six) chemical components. In addition, the monographs are useful for safety recommendations and list physicochemical values for each oil. 

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