Flammables handling

TMS boils at room temperature. It is expensive and flammable. Handle with care. 

With respect to the palladium-catalyzed reductive desulfonylations of allylic sulfones, [PdCl2(dppp)] is the preferred catalyst in combination with superhydride (LiHBEts) in THF solutions, usually working under low temperature (0-4°) to room temperature conditions. Lithium triethylborohydride is supplied as a 1 M solution in tetrahydrofuran and is corrosive and flammable. Handle and store under an inert atmosphere in a cool dry place. Use the solution in a fume hood and avoid contact with skin. 

Low pressure. Low pressures are not in general as hazardous as the other extreme operating conditions. However, one particular hazard that does exist in low-pressure plants handling flammable materials is the possible ingress of air with the consequent formation of a flammable mixture. 

Other Propellants. Dimethyl ether (DME) [115-10-6] is finding use as an aerosol propeUant. DME is soluble in water, as shown in Table 5. Although this solubiHty reduces DME s vapor pressure in aqueous systems, the total aerosol solvent content may be lowered by using DME as a propeUant. The chief disadvantage is that DME is flammable and must be handled with caution. 

Red Phosphorus. This aHotropic form of phosphoms is relatively nontoxic and, unlike white phosphoms, is not spontaneously flammable. Red phosphoms is, however, easily ignited. It is a polymeric form of phosphoms having thermal stabiUty up to ca 450°C. In finely divided form it has been found to be a powerful flame-retardant additive (26,45—47). In Europe, it has found commercial use ia molded nylon electrical parts ia a coated and stabilized form. Handling hazards and color have deterred broad usage. The development of a series of masterbatches by Albright Wilson should facihtate further use. 

Flammability. Plastic foams are organic ia aature and, therefore, are combustible. They vary ia their respoase to small sources of ignitioa because of composition and/or additives (255). AH plastic foams should be handled, transported, and used according to manufacturers recommendations as weU as appHcable local and national codes and regulations. 

Hexane is classified as a flammable liquid by the ICC, and normal handling precautions for this type of material should be observed. According to the ACGIH, the maximum concentration of hexane vapor in air to which a worker may be exposed without danger of adverse health effects is 125 ppm benzene is rated at 10 ppm. 

The ICC classifies hydrogen as a flammable gas and requires that it carry a red label. Data on storage is available (203). The production and Handling of flammable gases andHquefied flammable gases is regulated by OSHA (204). 

Large volumes of LPG are stored to meet peak demand during cold seasons. LPGs are both volatile and flammable and must be stored and handled in special equipment. Standards for storing and handling LPG are pubHshed by the National Fire Protection Association (5) and API (6). 

ButyUithium is available in hydrocarbon media, eg, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, and toluene in several concentrations, eg, 15, 25, and 90 wt %. It is shipped commercially in 10-, 19-, 106-, 216-, and 454-L cylinders and 1900-L (500-gal) tanks and in bulk in 19,000-L (5,000-gal) tank tmcks and 30,300-L (8,000-gal) rail tank cars. For shipment purposes, / -butyUithium is described as a pyrophoric fuel and is classified as a flammable Hquid. As such, full precautions should be taken according to handling instmctions (100). 

Like //-butyUithium, j iZ-butyUithium is infinitely soluble in most hydrocarbons, such as pentane and hexane. Its solutions in hexane are flammable and pyrophoric and therefore should be handled like //-butyUithium (96,100). j iZ-ButyUithium also is very soluble in ethers, but the ether solutions must be kept cold because ether cleavage is more rapid than in the presence of //—butyUithium (122). j iZ-ButyUithium has a t 2 of 2 d at 25°C in di-//-butyl ether and of 1 d at 25°C in di-//-hexyl ether. 

Oxahc acid is not flammable but its decomposition products, both formic acid and carbon monoxide, are toxic and flammable. Its dust and mist are irritating, especially under prolonged contact. Personnel who handle oxahc acid should wear mbber gloves, aprons, protection masks or goggles, etc, to avoid skin contact and inhalation. Adequate ventilation also should be provided in areas in which oxahc acid dust fumes are present. 

Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology. Because low molecular weight phosphines generally are spontaneously flammable, they must be stored and handled in an inert atmosphere. The upper explosion limit is 1.6% and the upper limit is near 100% (93). The higher and less volatile homologues are more slowly oxidized by air and present less of a problem. 

A California statue requiring ha2ardous materials management was passed in 1985 (24), but guidance for compliance for industries covered by the act was not issued until 1988 (25). A revised standard, which became effective in January of 1994 (26), appHes to faciUties handling any of 128 toxic materials flammable Hquids and gases in quantities of 10,000 lb (4.54 t) or more, except where used as fuel or in atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature tanks and explosives. 

This recommended practice is intended to apply to faciUties that (/) handle or store flammable or explosive substances in such a manner that a release of ca 5 t of gas or vapor could occur in a few minutes and (2) handle toxic substances. The threshold quantity for the toxic materials would be determined using engineering judgment and dispersion modeling, based on a potential for serious danger as a result of exposures of <1 h. 

Health and Safety Factors. Animal-feeding studies of DMPPO itself have shown it to be nontoxic on ingestion. The solvents, catalyst, and monomers that are used to prepare the polymers, however, should be handled with caution. Eor example, for the preparation of DMPPO, the amines used as part of the catalyst are flammable toxic on ingestion, absorption, and inhalation and are also severe skin and respiratory irritants (see Amines). Toluene, a solvent for DMPPO, is not a highly toxic material in inhalation testing the TLV (71) is set at 375 mg/m, and the lowest toxic concentration is reported to be 100—200 ppm (72). Toxicity of 2,6-dimethylphenol is typical of alkylphenols (qv), eg, for mice, the acute dermal toxicity is LD q, 4000 mg/kg, whereas the acute oral toxicity is LD q, 980 mg/kg (73). The Noryl blends of DMPPO and polystyrene have PDA approval for reuse food apphcations. 

PTMEG is a polymeric ether susceptible to both thermal and oxidative degradation. It usually contains 300—1000 ppm of an antioxidant such as 2,6-di-/ f2 -butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) to prevent oxidation under normal storage and handling conditions. Thermal decomposition in an inert atmosphere starts at 210—220°C (410—430°E) with the formation of highly flammable THE. In the presence of acidic impurities, the decomposition temperature can be significantly reduced contact with acids should therefore be avoided, and storage temperatures have to be controlled to prevent decomposition to THF (261). 

Pseudocumene is shipped ia barges, tank cars, tank tmcks, isocontainers, and dmms. Mesitylene is shipped ia tank tmcks, isocontainers, and dmms, whereas durene is shipped molten ia heated tank tmcks, isocontainers, and occasionally as a cast soHd in dmms. Mesitylene, pseudocumene, and hemimellitene are classified as flammable Hquids the higher homologues are classified as combustible. The higher melting PMBs requite additional precautions when handled in the molten state to avoid thermal bums. Detailed shipping and handling procedures are described in manufacturers material... 

Alkylamiaes are toxic. Both the Hquids and vapors can cause severe irritations to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. Protective butyl mbber gloves, aprons, chemical face shields, and self-contained breathing apparatus should be used by aH personnel handling alkylamiaes. Amines are flammable and the lower mol wt alkylamiaes with high vapor pressures at ordiaary temperatures have low flash poiats. Amines should be handled ia weH-veatilated areas only after eliminating potential sources of ignition. 

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