Sodium sulfonates

These sodium sulfonates or so-called natural sulfonates are transformed into simple or overbase calcium or magnesium sulfonates (Satriana, 1982). 

Uchida M, Tanizaki T, Gda T and Ka]iyama T 1991 Control of surface chemical-structure and functional property of Langmuir-Blodgett-film composed of new polymerizable amphiphile with a sodium-sulfonate Maoromoieouies 24 3238-43... 

The higjily water-soluble dienophiles 2.4f and2.4g have been synthesised as outlined in Scheme 2.5. Both compounds were prepared from p-(bromomethyl)benzaldehyde (2.8) which was synthesised by reducing p-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile (2.7) with diisobutyl aluminium hydride following a literature procedure2.4f was obtained in two steps by conversion of 2.8 to the corresponding sodium sulfonate (2.9), followed by an aldol reaction with 2-acetylpyridine. In the preparation of 2.4g the sequence of steps had to be reversed Here, the aldol condensation of 2.8 with 2-acetylpyridine was followed by nucleophilic substitution of the bromide of 2.10 by trimethylamine. Attempts to prepare 2.4f from 2.10 by treatment with sodium sulfite failed, due to decomposition of 2.10 under the conditions required for the substitution by sulfite anion. 

Although most greases offer some inherent protection against msting, additives, eg, amine salts, sodium sulfonate, cycloparaffin (naphthenate) salts, esters, and nonionic surfactants (qv), are often used to provide added protection against water and salt-spray corrosion. A dispersion of sodium nitrite has been particularly effective in some multipurpose greases. 

Traces of cyanamide can be deterrnined colorknetricaHy by complex formation with l,2-naphthaquinone-4-sodium sulfonate (4). 

Naphthalene, xylenes and alkyl benzenes can be purified by sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid and crystallisation of the sodium sulfonates. The hydrocarbon is distilled out of the mixture with superheated steam. 

Many other Trade Names also for Carbazochrome Salicylate and Carbazo-chrome Sodium Sulfonate)... 

Both for reaction in and IV the order with respect to catalyst is 0.5. The activation enthalpies are 96.6 3.4 and 97.6 3.4 kJ mol-1 respectively when Ti(OBu)4 is used as the catalyst. This is not too far from the activation enthalpies200 for the Sn(II)-cata-lyzed esterification of B with isophthalic acid (85.1 4.9) and with 2-hydroxyethyl hydrogen isophthalate (85.8 4.2). It is also close to the Ti(OBu)4-catalyzed esterification of benzoic acid with B (85.8 2.5)49. This is probably due to the formation of analogous intermediate complexes and similar catalytic mechanisms. On the other hand, the activation entropies of reactions III and IV are less negative than those of the reaction of benzoic or isophthalic acid with B. This probably corresponds to a stronger desolvation when the intermediary complex is formed and could be due to the presence of the sodium sulfonate group. 

The use of ultra-fine AP to increase the burning rates of double-base propints has been described previously. This technology has also been used with hydrocarbon binders, but dispersion and high viscosity have presented mixing problems. Fine AP can be conveniently dispersed by slurrying first with a surfactant and an organic liq such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane or normal hexane in a process described by Alley (Ref 58a). Sodium sulfonate... 

The hydrophilic group numbers of the sodium sulfonate (SOj Na+) is +11.0, of methylene (CH2) groups (and also for the methyl group) -0.475, and of difluoromethylene (CF2) groups (also valid for the trifluoromethyl group)... 

The aromatic fractions of natural gas condensate reacted with a-olefins to give alkylarenes which were converted to sodium sulfonates or to ethanolamine sulfonates. The naphthene-paraffin fractions of the gas condensate reacted with PC13 and 02 to give RPOCl2, which reacted with triethanolamine to give N-a-... 

In copolymers containing the styrene sulfonate moiety and maleic anhydride units, the maleic anhydride units can be functionalized with alkyl amine [1411-1416]. The water-soluble polymers impart enhanced deflocculation characteristics to the mud. Typically, the deflocculants are relatively low-molecular-weight polymers composed of styrene sodium sulfonate monomer maleic anhydride, as the anhydride and/or the diacid and a zwitterionic functionalized maleic anhydride. Typically the molar ratio of styrene sulfonate units to total maleic anhydride units ranges from 3 1 to 1 1. The level of alkyl amine functionalization of the maleic anhydride units is 75 to 100 mole-percent. The molar concentrations of sulfonate and zwitterionic units are not necessarily equivalent, because the deflocculation properties of these water-soluble polymers can be controlled via changes in their ratio. 

Soil samples are extracted with buffered acetonitrile with a mechanical shaker. Alter centrifuging, aliquots of the extracts are amended with isotopically labeled internal standards and evaporated to dryness. The samples are reconstituted and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. This method determines soil residues of flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT with an LOQ of 0.001 mg kg for each analyte. 

Seven replicate recoveries of flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT from well water fortified af 50 ng L averaged 106,100,89 and 106%, respec-fively. Therefore, the LOQ is 50 ng L for each analyte. The method detection limits for flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT, as determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended technique, are 5, 11, 20 and 19ngL, respectively. 

Lillie RD, Pizzolato P, Dessauer HC, et al. Histochemical reactions at tissue arginine sites with alkaline solutions of /J-naphthoquinone-4-sodium sulfonate and other o-quinones and oxidized o-diphenols. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1971 19 487 197. 

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents Polystyrene sodium sulfonate... 

In abroad sense, the model developed for the cobaloxime(II)-catalyzed reactions seems to be valid also for the autoxidation of the alkyl mercaptan to disulfides in the presence of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine tetra-sodium sulfonate in reverse micelles (142). It was assumed that the rate-determining electron transfer within the catalyst-substrate-dioxygen complex leads to the formation of the final products via the RS and O - radicals. The yield of the disulfide product was higher in water-oil microemulsions prepared from a cationic surfactant than in the presence of an anionic surfactant. This difference is probably due to the stabilization of the monomeric form of the catalyst in the former environment. 

Zyung et al., using ionomers such as sodium-sulfonated polystyrene as a CIM, have achieved an improved device performance [65,66]. Yang s group has used 0.2 wt% calcium acetylace-... 

Sodium sulfonate 1 has previously been prepared from NaHS03 and vinyltrimethylsilane using sodium nitrite/sodium nitrate as the radical initiator.3 In the submitters hands this protocol resulted in salt 1 as a pale tan powder in only 15-53% yield if 50% (v/v) aqueous methanol is employed as solvent. The yield of 1 could be increased to 63% if 22% (v/v) aqueous methanol is employed. An advantage of this method is the elimination of a potentially explosive perester as radical initiator. However, lower yields of 1 and the subsequent lower yield of the sulfonyl chloride 2 (53% for the sulfonylation, 35% overall from vinyltrimethylsilane) make this procedure less desirable than the method presented. The use of tert-butyl perbenzoate as the radical initiator4 not only provides 1 in a higher yield, but the subsequent conversion to 2 also proceeds in better yield. 

Wang, R, Li, J., Chen, T. and Xu, J. 1998. Sodium sulfonate-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone)s. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 1421-1426. 

The hydrotropes in this era were short chain aromatic sulfonates, with the p-xylene sodium sulfonate as a typical example. Their action is preventing the formation of liquid crystals is easily understood from a direct comparison of their molecular geometry (Fig. 1). 

Another aspect of this quasi-thermodynamic approach is to use Equation 25, along with G values from Table 4, to calculate the molar-attraction constant for the sodium sulfonate molecular group or... 

From these treatments, it was possible to calculate a molar-attraction group constant for the sodium sulfonate group of 120 (in Hildebrand units). 

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